Pathogenicity
These 4 factors determine the fundamental aspects of pathogenicity.
What are the ability to...
1. Enter host
2. Attach to cells
3. Cause damage to cells/ tissue/ systems
4. Evade the immune system
These diseases all cause redness and rashes
MMR (measles, scarlet fever, rubella)
This meningitis is more commonly found in people even if they've been vaccinated.
What is viral meningitis?
This opportunistic pathogen causes sepsis.
What is E. coli?
This agar test helps determine which kind of meningitis a person may have.
What is a blood or chocolate agar growth test?
This pathogenicity factor becomes a problem ONLY after experiencing trauma.
What is the parenteral route? (Entry into host)
This disease does NOT show Koplik's spots upon oral examination.
What is rubella?
This food may never be given to infants (12m or less).
What is honey?
Can cause botulism d/t spores being unable to be destroyed in the honey. 12+m immune system is developed enough to kill spores.
Septicemia is due to damage from these chemicals which cause a variety of cytopathic effects.
What are exotoxins?
This test requires a medical practitioner to draw fluid from the spine.
What is a CSF test? (aka cerebrospinal fluid test for meningitis)
The lower this number is, the more likely it will cause disease.
What is the ID50? (Infectious dose 50%)
There is no vaccine for this disease, and therefore requires vigilance in testing for strep throat.
What is scarlet fever?
CSF test results for this disease will show high lymphocyte count and cells with a capsule.
What is fungal meningitis?
This is the main medical differentiation between sepsis and septicemia.
What is inflammation?
Sepsis- high systemic, uncontrolled inflammatory response.
Septicemia- bacteria (or virus) in the blood; can be more localized and/ or early in stages of inflammation.
This test helps determine bacteria type, regardless of disease type.
What is gram staining?
This pathogenicity factor is part of both attachment and evasion.
What is use of a glycocalyx (aka slime layers/ biofilms)?
attachment- allow adherence b/c they are sticky
evasion- makes phagocytosis difficult
Treatment for thick, green discharge from eyes.
What is an antibiotic (viral conjunctivitis is clear, not green/ yellow)?
Test results from this microbe show a diplococcus, gram- bacteria growing on blood and chocolate agar.
What is N. meningitidis?
This differentiates between the more mild forms of malaria (from P. vivax, P. malariae or P. ovale) and the more serious form of malaria (P. falciparum).
What is a blood smear?
FYI:
P. malariae- banana shape, cause NO enlargement of RBC, and are found in deep vessels
P. vivax, P. malariae or P. ovale- roundish, cause RBCs to be slightly enlarged or enlarged, and found in peripheral vessels
Testing the amounts of these determine progression of disease.
What are antibody/ immunoglobulin types?
IgM- current infection
IgG- past infection
COVID-19 employs many pathogenicity factors.
Name one for each of the 4 mechanisms.
1. Entry- aerosolized droplets (sneezing/ coughing), mucous membranes, respiratory system
2. Attachment- protein spikes
3. Damage- direct, superantigen, cytopathic effects
4. Evasion- novel disease, low ID50, low LD50, viral envelope, antigenic variation, growth in the host cell
Bonus- easily spread via respiration
When this protein is released in the blood, it causes the signs/ symptoms experienced in allergic conjunctivitis.
What is histamine?
This very common microbe can cause bacterial meningitis.
What is H. influenzae?
aka- "flu" in the meninges instead of the respiratory system.
This CV disease starts as a skin/ epithelial disease.
What is rheumatic fever?
(starts as strep throat, left untreated becomes scarlet fever, left untreated becomes rheumatic fever)
This microbe is thought to be thwarted by genetic mutations of people who are carriers of the sickle cell trait.
What is P. falciparum (causes severe malaria)?