epidemiology vocab easy
What does it mean to be in a state of illness, the rates of those infected are used by epidemiologist?
Morbidity
What are death rates called?
Who is the father of epidemiology and what did he do?
John Snow
He created detailed mapping of cholera incidence led to the discovery of the contaminated water pump on Broad street.
What structure in lung tissue of a patient with chronic tuberculosis is made by white blood cells walling off a pocket of infected tissue.
Granulomas
What is the white blood cell, monocyte called once it leaves the blood stream and differentiates with tissue-specific properties.
Their main function is phagocytosis.
EX: Langerhans cell are in skin
Macrophages
What mode of transmission of pathogens is through fomites that have come in contact with an infectious host; including needles, doorknobs, etc.
Indirect transmission
Define direct transmission?
What are the number of new cases in a population expressed as a proportion at a specific period?
Incidence
What is the total number of affected in a population usually expressed as a portion?
Give an example of prevalence and incidence of a disease of your choice on a graph of cases over time.
What type of diseases are new to human populations OR have been increasing in the past 2 decades?
Emerging diseases
Define a Reemerging diseases in comparison?
What solution is secreted by sebaceous glands in hair follicles, which is a lubricating chemical mediator. It protects the skin from invading microbes and is a food source for resident microbes?
Sebum
What are PRRs and PAMPs
PRRs = pattern recognition receptors
PAMPs = pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Where can we find these structures and how are they activate phagocytosis?
What type of cytokines is released by a cell infected with a virus to signal to neighboring cells to reduce protein synthesis and destroy RNA. It also promotes apoptosis to infected cell.
Interferons
What type of diseases occurs rarely and without a geographical focus?
Sporadic diseases
How would chronic diseases compare?
What type of diseases happens when an outbreak occurs in local areas?
EX: Influenza, Measles
Epidemic diseases
Explain how the Mucociliary Escalator works?
ciliated epithelial sweeps mucus away from the lungs, along with any debris or microorganisms that may be trapped in the sticky mucus, and the mucus moves up to the esophagus where it can be removed by swallowing.
What cells secrete mucus?
What are the 3 granulocytes distinguished by their nuclei lobes and stained granules?
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
There are 3 pathways for complement activation: classical, alternative, and lectin. What is the result of all of them lead to?
The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is activated. complement proteins makes physical holes in the surface of the pathogen.
What is epidemiology?
It is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.
What type of diseases occur at a constant and low level within a population?
EX: the common cold, Chagas disease, malaria
Endemic diseases
In human tissue which of the 3 types of cell junction has intermediate fibers that tie 2 cells together allowing small materials to pass through the space created.
Desmosomes
What are the other 2 types of cell junctions?
What white blood cell use perforin-containing granules to induce cell lysis in cells by detecting cancer cells and virus-infected cells that have reduced expression of MHC and increased expression of activating molecules. They recognize decreased MHC and increased activating molecules.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
What is released by mast cells to initiate an inflammatory response?
It increases blood flow and vascular permeability allowing fluid/proteins/cells enter the infection site. This leads to the swelling and reddening from inflammation.
Histamine
How does this inflammation process differ from when Macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines?
What type of diseases happens when an outbreak occurs on a global level?
EX: COVID-19, Influenza
Pandemic diseases
What type of vector transmission occurs when a living organism, usually an insect, is an infectious host itself?
Biological vector
Define a mechanical vector in comparison?
What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous pyrogens, and what do they stimulate?
exogenous pyrogens external substances that enter the body and trigger a fever. EX: LPS and toxins
endogenous pyrogens are produced by the body's own immune cells in response to infection or inflammation.
exogenous pyrogens stimulate endogenous pyrogens which activate the hypothalamus to initiate an inflammatory response.
What molecular messenger produced by cells complete autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions travel through the body and bind to their intended target cells receptors.
Cytokines
How do autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions differ?
List the type of transmission, type of reservoir, and the specific vector of Lyme disease.
Also name if it causes endemic, epidemic, or pandemics.
They are biological vectors since the pathogen has a life cycle inside the tick's saliva as well as inside us.
They are transmitted through tick-vectors in mammal reservoirs (deer, squirrels, rats).
usually endemic diseases throughout the northern hemisphere.