Macromolecules
What are the 4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are their monomers?
The simplest organic molecule
Methane
What makes it organic?
What is the difference between Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism= Release energy breaking down large molecules
Anabolism=Require energy synthesizing large molecules
What are the 3 biological cycles expressed in lecture where elements are recycles
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur
What is a triglyceride composed of
glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids by dehydration synthesis
Which Macromolecule functions as a LOT of energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments
Lipids
What are some characteristics of the others?
What is a bond between 2 glucose molecules that go through dehydration synthesis
Glycosidic bonds
what else is produced other than a disaccharide?
What do enzymes do to a reaction, leading to catalysis
They lower activation energy
What are the 2 steps of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Glycolysis Pathway and what are the products of each?
Energy Investment = uses 2 ATP forming 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)
Energy Payoff = Producing 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvates
What are the total products of glycolysis?
Enzyme activity is regulated by this inhibitor which is bound to the allosteric site. This changes the conformational structure of the enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibitor
where do Competitive inhibitors bond?
Binding what to the allosteric site increases enzymatic activity?
______ are Amphipathic molecules composed of 2 nonpolar fatty acids, one saturated and one unsaturated. And a polar phosphate group.
When put in an aqueous solution they form liposomes, micelles, or lipid bilayer sheets.
Phospholipid
which fatty acid is slightly kinked?
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that exhibit what?
This term refers to Carbon binding to 4 different atoms
Chirality
How is ATP regenerated after releasing energy from dephosphorylation of cellular work
Phosphorylation
harnessing energy from chemicals or sunlight
Krebs cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose in the CAC?
What process occurs during glycolysis and Krebs cycle to create ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
What are the 4 protein structures and give characteristics of each structure
Primary (sequence of Amino Acids)
Secondary (alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet by hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary (distant Amino Acid interactions of a polypeptide)
What bonds are made between Amino Acids in this structure?
Quaternary (Different polypeptides coming together EX: Hemoglobin)
What does it mean when for example 2 monosaccharides like D-alanine and L-alanine are enantiomers
They are asymmetrical, mirrored, images of each other's molecular structure
The bonding of a coenzyme of cofactor to an _______ is often required to form an active _______.
These are necessary sets for a substrate to bind.
Apoenzyme
Holoenzyme
What form does pyruvate take in a preliminary reaction before entering the Krebs necessary to expel Carbon into CO2 as a waste product
Acetyl CoA (Coenzyme A)
What is the difference between Oxygenic photosynthesis and Anoxygenic photosynthesis, and what organisms utilize what photosynthetic process
Oxygenic photosynthesis= Produces oxygen among glucose and water; Eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria
Anoxygenic photosynthesis= Only produces Carbohydrates and water; other bacteria
How do prokaryotes without organelles perform photosynthesis?
What are 3 important polysaccharides, and which one is the best for energy storage
Stanch, Cellulose, and Glycogen (best energy storage)
What is cellulose best used for?
dehydration synthesis between one Amino acids Carboxyl group and another Amino acids amino group
Endergonic reactions vs Exergonic reactions, give examples of each
Endergonic= requiring energy; anabolism and ATP phosphorylation
Exergonic= releasing energy; catabolism and ATP Dephosphorylation
How are these couples?
What process provides energy for ATP production, occurring in the Electron Transport Chain.
In this process electron carriers and ion pumps make a H+ gradient to produce lots of ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What structures are needed for this process?
Carbon fixation is a part of what metabolic process of certain eukaryotes to convert CO2 into organic molecules. This is coupled with light-dependent reactions of this metabolic pathway.
Photosynthesis
What are some molecular products of photosynthesis, turning light energy into chemical?