Control of Microbes outside the body
Control of Microbes inside the body
(antimicrobial treatment)
(antimicrobial treatment)
Interactions between humans and microbes
Host Defenses
General
100
EPA stands for _____________________.
Environmental Protection Agency
100
What does PROPHYLAXIS mean?
Prevention of a disease
100
Sum of ALL microbes in & on humans. These COLONIZE our bodies, not causing disease.
Human Microbiome (normal biota)
100
How many lines of defenses (against microbes) do we have?
Three
1st line of defense
2nd line of defense
3rd line of defense
100
What does the term "ubiquitous" mean?
Literally everywhere
(in microbiology: microbes are ubiquitous)
200
What is the dormant state of a bacteria called?
The bacteria is extremely resistant to chemical, mechanical and physical control methods when in that state.
Bacterial endospore
200
An antimicrobial medication that KILLS fungi:
fungicidal drug
or simply: fungicide
-cidal or -cide = destroys/kills
200
What is a disease-causing microbe called?
(Most microbes are NOT disease-causing, most are beneficial to humans)
Pathogen
200
Which line of host defense is SPECIFIC (against a very specific microbe)?
The third line of defense is SPECIFIC
200
Which microbes do NOT consist of cells?
viruses and prions
300
Process of complete destruction of ALL microbes, including all forms, such as bacterial endospores on inanimate (non-living) objects.
Sterilization:
300
Antimicrobial medication that stops reproduction of bacteria is called:
bacteriostatic drug
-static
300
What causes infections and infectious diseases?
(This is the ONLY means of what causes infections, NOTHING else does)
Microbes
(bacteria, viruses, microscopic fungi, protozoa, prions)
(helminths [parasitic worms] cause infectious-like diseases and are therefore included in a microbiology class)
300
What is "achieved" by the third line of defense?
Immunity
300
What is the cell of some microbes called that is simpler, does not have organelles (except a few ribosomes) and has their nucleic acid loosely swimming in the cells (not surrounded by a membrane)? This cell type also has a cell wall in addition to the cell membrane.
Prokaryotic cell
400
The use of physical or chemical methods/processes to destroy VEGETATIVE states of pathogens. Can not destroy bacterial endospores and prions
- Can remove toxins
- Generally, NOT USED on living tissue. Used on non-living objects and surfaces.
Disinfection
400
Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are called ______________. (these can treat infections caused by different microbes)
Broad-spectrum drugs
400
______________ ___________awaits an opportunity to cause disease. They do NOT cause disease under normal circumstances but do so when the opportunity arises.
(example E. coli in the intestines)
Opportunistic pathogen
400
Which line of defense includes physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, but also includes out microbiota?
1st line of defense
(non-specific, trying to protect us against ALL microbes, not only against one specific one)
400
Which microbes consist of prokaryotic cells?
BACTERIA
(both, eubacteria and archaebacteria)
- Eubacteria: bacteria as we know
- Archaebacteria: ancient bacteria, first organisms on earth, extremophiles
500
The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces. It destroys or inhibits the growths of vegetative microbes.
- Removal of microbes on skin (scrubbing)
Antisepsis
500
What do narrow-spectrum drugs/medication do?
They can only treat a limited spectrum of microbial infections (caused by more specific microbes).
500
Which of the following is/are common portal-of-entry/ies:
- Mucous membranes
- Skin
- Respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal system
- Urinary system
- Urogenital tract
Everyone is a common portal-of-entry
500
Which 2 cell types play the major part in our immunity?
B lymphocytes (B-cells) and T lymphocytes (T-cells)
500
What is a helminth?
Parasitic worm (example: tape worm)
- macroscopic
- causes infectious-like illnesses
- goes through some microscopic life stages in its life cycle (egg, larva)