DNA replication and more
The genetic code is translated in groups of __________ bases.
3
-studied the rRNA of methanogens
-discovered archaebacteria (now called Archaea)
Who is Carl Woese?
Magnification is the enlargement of the image, resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects: clarity
In gram-positive Bacteria, the cell walls are composed mainly of thick ________ layers.
peptidoglycan
The most common pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is
Embden-Meyerhoff
When a DNA molecule is replicated, the daughter molecules contain one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA; this is called __________ replication.
semiconservative
-developed pasteurization
-Swan neck flask experiment
Who is Louis Pasteur?
You are given an electron micrograph of a bacterial cell. In the micrograph you can clearly see three thin layers of different densities surrounding the cell. Based on the micrograph, you can infer that this cell is ________ and would appear ________ after application of the Gram stain procedure.
gram-negative/ pink
A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment.
semipermeable
Proteins that recognize unfolded polypeptides and help them fold into their proper conformations are called
chaperones
DNA vs. RNA structure (3 things)
1.) RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom)
2.)RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.
3.)RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
The person who described the "wee animalcules" was
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Name 3 shapes of bacteria
What is coccus, rod/bacillus, spirillum/spirochete.
What is the bacterial cell envelope? What does it consist of?
-the plasma membrane and all the surrounding layers external to it
-consists of the plasma membrane, cell wall, and sometimes an additional layer (capsule or slime layer)
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is
oxygen
Pieces of DNA that are transient components of lagging strand DNA synthesis at the replication fork.
What are Okazaki fragments
found a way to prevent infection in wounds during and after surgery
Who is Joseph Lister?
Bright-field vs. dark-field microscopy
-Bright-field:
-selectively permeable barriers that allow certain ions and molecules to pass in and out of the cells
-play a role in respiration, photosynthesis, and the synthesis of lipids and cell wall constituents
What is the role of bacterial plasma membrane?
catabolism vs anabolism
Anabolic pathways are those that require energy to synthesize larger molecules. Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules
During replication the 2 strands of the DNA molecule are unwound from one another by enzymes called
helicases
Developed postulates, worked with B. anthrasis
(200 points for just the name, 300 bonus points if you can name all the postulates)
Robert Koch
Describe the steps performed in the staining procedure
1.) crystal violet-primary stain stain for 1 minute, water rinse (cells stain purple)
2.) iodine-mordant for 1 minute (cells remain purple)
3.) alcohol-decolorizer for 10-30 seconds water rinse (gram + cells remain purple, gram – cells become colorless)
4.) Safranin-counterstain for 30-60 seconds water rinse and blot dry (gram + remain purple, gram – pink)
Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls.
-gram-positive- cell walls composed of PG and other polymers such as teichoic acids that maintain the structure of the cell envelope, protect the cell from substances in the environment and maybe involved in binding pathogenic species to host tissue
-gram-negative- cell walls are more complex that gram positive; no teichoic acids
The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________.
Bacillus anthracis / endospores