Enzymes and Fermentation
These small RNA molecules act as enzymes and are involved in protein synthesis.
What are ribozymes?
The number of ATP molecules directly produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis per glucose molecule.
What is 2 ATP?
The temperature at which growth occurs fastest is called this.
What is the optimum growth temperature?
Organisms that can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation depending on oxygen availability are classified this way.
What are facultative anaerobes?
This is the process by which bacteria increase in number by dividing into two identical daughter cells.
What is binary fission?
This part of a holoenzyme is the nonprotein component, which may be a metal ion (inorganic) or an organic molecule.
What is the cofactor?
The number of NADH molecules produced in glycolysis per glucose molecule.
What is 2 NADH?
These organisms can tolerate high salt concentrations and avoid plasmolysis in hypertonic solutions.
What are halophiles?
These media chemically remove molecular oxygen to support growth of anaerobes.
What are reducing media?
The phase of bacterial growth in which cells are metabolically active but not dividing rapidly.
What is the lag phase?
In this type of phosphorylation, a high-energy phosphate is transferred from an intermediate of catabolism directly to ADP.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
During the Krebs cycle, the number of NADH molecules produced per glucose molecule.
What is 6 NADH?
What are temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure?
Media that inhibit unwanted organisms and allow growth of desired microbes are called this.
What is selective media?
This microbial population phase involves balanced growth where the rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death, often due to nutrient depletion or waste accumulation.
What is the stationary phase?
In this type of fermentation, pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH to produce ethanol, and acetaldehyde serves as the final electron acceptor.
What is alcohol fermentation?
During the Krebs cycle, the number of FADH₂ molecules produced per glucose molecule.
What is 2 FADH₂?
Most bacteria grow best at a pH between these two values.
What are 6.5 and 7.5?
This type of culture is used to encourage growth of a particular microorganism in a mixed culture.
What is an enrichment culture?
This method of measuring microbial growth counts only cells capable of dividing under specified conditions, and is more accurate than direct microscopic counts for viable cells.
What is the viable plate count (or colony-forming unit) method?
This pathway produces one ATP and two NADPH molecules per glucose and is an alternative to glycolysis in some bacteria.
What is the Entner-Doudoroff pathway?
The approximate total ATP yield per glucose in aerobic prokaryotes after glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, and the total number of NADH and FADH₂ molecules produced.
What is 38 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH₂?
Microbes that require superoxide dismutase and catalase or peroxidase to detoxify oxygen radicals belong to these oxygen-based categories.
What are aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerotolerant anaerobes?
Microbes can be preserved for long periods either by deep-freezing or this freeze-drying technique.
What is lyophilization?
The complex polysaccharide matrix surrounding bacterial cells in biofilms enhances resistance to antibiotics and is synthesized in response to chemical signaling known as this.
What is quorum sensing?