Microbial Control
This process destroys all microorganisms, including endospores and viruses.
What is sterilization?
This phase of the bacterial growth curve is when cells adjust to a new environment.
What is the lag phase?
This molecule is considered the energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
This enzyme unzips the DNA double helix during replication.
What is helicase?
This type of organism uses CO₂ as its carbon source.
What is an autotroph?
These structures are among the most resistant forms of microbial life.
What are bacterial endospores?
This method is best for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids.
What is filtration?
This phase shows the most rapid cell division.
What is the log (exponential) phase?
This stage of respiration produces the most ATP.
What is the electron transport chain?
DNA replication is described as this because each new molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.
What is semiconservative replication?
This transport mechanism requires ATP to move substances against a gradient.
What is active transport?
This infectious agent is even more resistant than endospores.
What are prions?
This process reduces microbial numbers to safe public health levels.
What is sanitization?
These organisms prefer moderate temperatures around 37°C.
What are mesophiles?
This type of inhibition occurs when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site.
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Short DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand are called these.
What are Okazaki fragments?
This passive process moves water across a semipermeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
High salt or sugar environments inhibit microbes by causing this cellular effect.
What is plasmolysis?
These chemicals work by producing reactive oxygen species that damage cells.
What are peroxides?
This preservation method removes water from frozen cells for long-term storage.
What is lyophilization?
This metabolic process breaks down molecules to release energy.
What is catabolism?
This type of mutation results from insertion or deletion of nucleotides.
What is a frameshift mutation?
This process uses membrane proteins but does not require energy.
What is facilitated diffusion?
These organisms require oxygen to survive.
What are obligate aerobes?
This method uses steam under pressure to sterilize equipment.
What is autoclaving?
This phase occurs when nutrients become limited and waste accumulates.
What is the stationary phase?
This process uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor and does not use an electron transport chain.
What is fermentation?
This horizontal gene transfer method involves direct cell-to-cell contact using a pilus.
What is conjugation?
This type of cell ingestion involves large particles and is sometimes called “cell eating.”
What is phagocytosis?
Place these in order from most to least resistant: vegetative cells, prions, endospores.
What are prions → endospores → vegetative cells?