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Microbial growth
Physical methods to control microbes
Chemical methods to control microbes
Antibiotics
Cellular metabolism
100
Most microbes grow best at this pH
What is neutral (pH 7)?
100
A method of physical control of microbes that physically removes microbes from a solution or gas
What is filtration?
100
A halogen often used to disinfect water
What is chlorine (less often, iodine)?
100
Class of antibiotic that targets a small group of microorganisms
What is narrow-spectrum?
100
The molecule that provides energy for cellular activities through breakage of molecular bonds
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
200
The process by which most bacteria reproduce
What is binary fission?
200
Reducing the number of vegetative microbes on living tissue
What is antisepsis?
200
Soaps and detergents work on the cell membrane in this way
What is dissolving, lowering surface tension?
200
Risk of using a broad-spectrum that upsets the normal microbiome
What is a superinfection?
200
Enzymes lower this to catalyze reactions
What is the activation energy?
300
Organisms that can use oxygen to generate energy when it is available, or another inorganic molecule when oxygen concentration is low
What are facultative anaerobes?
300
The principle effect of UV light on bacterial cells
What is DNA mutation (thymine dimers)?
300
potentially sporicidal that generates highly damaging free radicals; breaks down into oxygen gas and water
What is hydrogen peroxide?
300
"Drug of last resort" when treating MRSA
What is vancomycin?
300
The step of aerobic respiration where carbon dioxide is generated
What is the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?
400
Under natural conditions, some bacterial species produce these cells, which stop dividing and maintain a very low rate of metabolism
What are persister cells?
400
This method is the most reliable method to achieve sterilization that uses moist heat
What is autoclaving?
400
Name three ways chemicals work to inhibit or kill microbes
What is nucleic acids, proteins, cell wall/membrane, metabolic reactions?
400
Drug used to treat Mycobacterium infections; prevents formation of mycolic acid cell wall
What is Isoniazid?
400
Before pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, it is chemically altered to form this molecule
What is acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl coA)?
500
An enzyme that allows an organism to live with and use oxygen
What is superoxide dismutase, catalase, oxidase?
500
Name three methods of physical control that can achieve sterilization
What is moist heat (autoclaving), dry heat (incineration, dry heat oven), filtration, ionizing radiation (gamma rays, x-rays)?
500
Explosive, sterilizing gas that must be used in a chamber
What is ethylene oxide?
500
Beta-lactam good alternative for when allergy or resistance to Penicillin exists
What are cephalosporins?
500
A process of AnAerobic respiration, fermentation, uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to form either this or this
What is acid or alcohol?