Effective against a wide variety of microbes, e.g. against both gram-negative and gram-posititive bacteria
What is Broad spectrum antimicrobials?
100
What is the mechanism of action penicillin?
A. Disrupting protein synthesis
B. Block peptidoglycan cross-linking
C. Disrupt the cell membrane
D. Inactivate DNA transcription
What is B; Block peptidoglycan cross-linking
100
What does a large zone of inhibition indicate on a Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay?
A. High toxicity to the patient
B. The bacterium is resistant to the antibiotic
C. Low toxicity to the patient
D. The bacterium is susceptible to the antibiotic
What is D; the bacterium is susceptible to the antibiotic
100
It is a measure of the proportion of sick people correctly identified by the test as "sick" by the test
What is Sensitivity of an immunological test?
100
It is a measure of the proportion of healthy people correctly identified as "negative" for the disease, but the test.
What is Specificity of an immunological test?
200
Effective against a narrow range of microbes, e.g. against gram-positive bacteria only
What is Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobials?
200
Anti-microbial drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting four areas. List these four areas:
1.) Block synthesis of nucleotides
2.) Inhibit replication
3.) Stop transcription
4.) Inhibit DNA synthesis
200
What is the meaning of the word "MLC" (minimal lethal concentration)?
MLC means the lowest concentration of antimicrobial that kills a particular bacterium.
200
Which methods do you use when you are using microscopic analysis for diagnosis?
-Examine cell size and shape
-Gram stain reaction
-Acid-fast reaction
-Stain for special structures like flagella, cilia, etc.
200
List the methods that are used in immunological tests ti determine the binding of antibodies to the antigens of present in a specimen (4 total):
Substances produced by natural metabolic processes by some microbes and used to inhibit or destroy other organisms
What is Antibiotics?
400
How do microbes kill or otherwise damage the microbes? There are 5 parts to this answer.
-They target cell walls – block or inhibit synthesis and repair
-Interfere with the cell membrane selective permeability
-Interfere with protein synthesis - inhibit ribosome activity
-They target DNA/RNA – inhibit replication (inhibit DNA polymerase and gyrase) and transcription (inhibit RNA polymerase)
-Interfere with folic acid synthesis – block metabolic pathways and metabolic processes
400
What is the meaning of the word "MBC" (minimal bactericidal concentration)?
The meaning of MBC is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent required to kill a particular bacterium.
400
Name the components of the second line of defense:
Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
What is Prophylaxis?
500
What are the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug? There are 10 of them.
-Selectively toxic to the microbe but non-toxic to host cells
-Microbial rather than microstatic
-Should be relatively soluble and function when highly diluted
-Should remain potent long enough to act (not destroyed prematurely)
-Should not lead to development of resistance by the microbes
-Complements or assists the host immune system
-Remain active in tissues and body fluids
-Readily delivered to the site of infection
-Reasonably priced
-Does not disrupt the host’s health by causing allergies or predisposing the host to other infections
500
List four phenotypic methods used to diagnose microbial infections:
-Microscopic morphology
-Macroscopic morphology
-Physiological and biochemical characteristics
-Chemical analysis
500
Name the cardinal signs of inflammation:
-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function
500
List the five stages of the complement cascade reaction: