Nucleic Acids
What are the 4 bases of DNA/RNA.
In RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
What is the name of the process where the two DNA strands separate?
Replication fork
What are the three kinds of RNA that contribute to the process: protein synthesis?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
What are constituitive enzymes?
Enzymes that are continuously synthesized regardless of whats available to the organism
What are the two types of mutations?
point and frameshift mutations
What is the name of the test that amplifies nucleic acids?
PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction)
What is the difference between leading and lagging strands?
Name the start and stop codons.
Stop: AUG
Start: UAA, UGA, UAG
What are the three regulatory mechanisms of bacteria?
What are induced mutations?
Produced from mutagens; which increases the mutation rate above the spontaneous mutation rate
What are the three ways in which DNA information is transferred?
Replication, Transcription, and Translation
What is the name of the short DNA segments formed during DNA replication
Okazaki fragments
What is the difference between transcription and translation
Transcription is the synthesis of DNA to RNA and Translation is the synthesis of protein from a RNA template.
what is the name of the regulatory site that consists of a promoter, operator, and Z,Y, and A genes. As well as, regulating lactose metabolism
What is the term that describes "cancer causing agents"?
Carcinogens
What is the direction of the two DNA strands?
Antiparallel; each strand has a 5' end and a 3' end
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic composition of an organisms; including all of its DNA, whereas, phenotype is the observable physical properties from the result of gene expression
What is tRNA and where is it located?
Transfer RNA is located in the cytoplasm and it transfers amino acids into mRNA
What does the i gene direct synthesis of?
Lac repressor
What is the Ames test?
The Ames Test determines whether substances influence mutations in certain strains of salmonella that lost their ability to synthesize histidine.
What is the difference between Chromosomes & Plasmids?
Chromosomes: In the nuclear region, larger in size, and the genetic information is essential for survival
Plasmids: Smaller in size, not essential for survival, and located in the cytoplasm
Name 4 components of the DNA replication fork
Introns are noncoding intervening regions and exons are genes that code for proteins
What is the name of the operon that is repressible and assists in repressing synthesis of enzymes?
trp operon
What is the fluctuation test?
States that if mutations that are spontaneously resistant will produce a great variety of resistant organisms in the culture.