Microbe Structure
What are three things that all cells have
DNA, Cell membrane, Ribosomes
How do you correctly display the scientific name of a micricrobe?
First letter capitalized, all in italics or underlined
What are the nucleotides talked about in class, and where are they found? (just letters are fine)
Thymine (T, DNA only), Adenine (A, RNA+DNA), Cytosine (C, DNA+RNA), Guanine (G, DNA+RNA), and Uracil (U, RNA only)
What is the primary molecule used to do work within the cell?
ATP
Why aren't viruses considered to be living organisms?
Simply put, they are too simple. (no homeostasis, no growth, no metabolism)
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
Protects the cell as a "final barrier" for entry into the cytoplasm
What is the difference between a STRAIN and a SPECIES?
Strains are small differences within a species that are not big enough to differentiate the two in a major way.
What is the term for information going from DNA to RNA?
Transcription
What are the 4 possible stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle/Citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
What are the different components of viruses?
A protein sheath/coat and genetic material
What differentiates Gram+ bacteria from Gram- bacteria?
The thickness of the peptidoglycan.
What is the term for an organism that does not require oxygen, but will utilize it if it is available?
Facultative Anaerobe.
What is the codon and requisite amino acid that indicates the start of the translation process?
Methionine, AUG
Where do all stages of cellular respiration take place? (include distinctions for prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
Glycolysis: cytoplasm for both
Fermentation: cytoplasm for both
Krebs cycle: mitochondria for eukaryotes, cytoplasm for prokaryotes
ETC: inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes, cell membrane for prokaryotes
What are the three categories (morphologies) of viruses?
Isometric (polyhedral), Filamentous, and complex.
What is Chitin and where is it found in relation to this class?
This organic compound is integrated into the cell walls of Fungi
You are studying a species to see what its optimum growth temperatures are. After performing your tests, the species growth rate was found to be around 10 degrees Celsius. What kind of species is it?
Psychrophile (<15 C)
Which direction does replication follow along the DNA?
5' to 3' direction
What kind of concentration gradient does the ETC create?
A proton gradient (with H+ ions, specifically)
What is it called when a bacteriophages' genome is incorporated into the bacteria's genome?
Lysogeny
What is a Biofilm?
A system that results in bacteria secreting a substance that protects the colony from exterior threats
Bacterium related to Tuberculosis are not stained by Crystal Violet or Safranin. What technique do you need to use to properly stain these bacteria?
Acid-fast stain (you don't do this in lab, but it is talked about)
What are the names and functions of all the enzymes that make up the replisome?
Helicase: unwinds helix and separates strands
Gyrase: prevents supercoiling
RNA primase: attaches primer to DNA, allows DNA polymerase to attach
DNA polymerase III: main copying enzyme
DNA polymerase I: Removes primers and replaces them with DNA
Ligase: seals gaps in Okazaki fragments, completing lagging strand synthesis
If the second protein in the ETC suddenly stops working, what happens to the rest of the chain?
The cycle stops. No more protons can be pumped through the membrane, and the enzymes further along will not get the resources they need to do their job.
What are the 5 steps a virus takes to infect a cell and replicate?
Adsorption (binding), Entry (genome enters cell), Uncoating (releasing the nucleic acid), Synthesis (viral components produced), Assembly (viral genome is surrounded by capsid), and Release.