Define It
Resistance to pathogens conferred by barriers, chemicals, cells, and the processes that remained unchanged upon subsequent infections with the same pathogens.
Innate Immunity
How many cell layers does a mucus membrane have?
A: one
B: one to a few
C: many
B: one to a few
Topical administration is the application of drug if the infection is internal.
False, external
The skin and the ________ __________ are considered to be the first line of defense.
Mucous membrane
Who should not use tetracycline?
Pregnant women and children
Requires needle or catheter; drug concentration diminished as liver and kidney remove drug from circulation.
Intravenous route of administration
What CDC Level is categorized as: "High Consequences of resistance because the microbes cause life-threatening diseases that may become widespread, for example, Clostridium difficile."
A. Urgent
B. Serious
C. Concerning
A. Urgent
Erythrocytes are also known as red blood cells.
True
_______ are drugs that work against only a few kinds of pathogens.
Narrow spectrum drugs.
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus only affects tobacco plants and has no effect on humans. What is this an example of?
Species resistance
Cells of the epidermis and mucous membranes that devour pathogens.
Dendritic cells
The ideal antimicrobial agent to treat an infection or disease would be one with which of the following characteristics below?
A. Readily available
B. nontoxic and nonallergenic
C. chemically stable
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
A simple susceptibility test is an inexpensive test widely used to reveal which drug is most effective against a particular pathogen.
True.
_________ are drugs that are effective against many different kinds of pathogens.
Broad-spectrum drugs
Many antimicrobials have side effects. Which side effect can be circumvented, at least in part, by the use of probiotics?
Disruption of normal microbiota.
Disease causing microbes insensitive to 3 or more different types of antimicrobial agents.
Multiple Drug Resistant Pathogens
(Super bugs)
Mucus-secreting membranes are found in ________________.
A. the urinary system
B. the digestive cavity
C. the respiratory passages
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Tissue repair, the final stage of inflammation, is possible in every area of the body.
False, cardiac muscles and parts of the brain cannot be repaired.
Tears contain _______, which destroys bacteria.
Lysozyme
A pathogen enters your body but is unable to infect you because the microbiome is consuming the nutrients it needs to survive. What is taking place?
Competitive inhibition
complement split products and antibody provide a handle for the phagocyte.
*enhance phagocytosis
Opsonins
Interferons ____________.
A. do not protect the cell that secretes them
B. stimulate the activity of macrophages
C. cause muscle aches, chills, and fever
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
NOD Proteins, located in the cytoplasm, are a set of pattern recognition receptors for viruses.
False, they are for microbial molecules.
Phagocytes of the epidermis are _______ _______.
Dendritic cells
A cut on a finger results in swelling and redness as fluid accumulates in the surrounding tissue. Why does this happen?
Vasodilation - dilates and increases permeability of blood vessels