Innate Immunity
This innate immune cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens, playing a key role in the first line of defense.
Phagocytes
This is the molecule that carries genetic information in microorganisms, typically in the form of a double helix.
DNA
This term refers to bacteria shaped like spheres.
This term refers to the initial invasion of a pathogen into a host, setting the stage for ...
Infection
This term refers to the ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of a drug or antimicrobial agent that once inhibited or killed them.
Antibiotic Resistance
This 1997 film, directed by James Cameron, is known for its iconic line "I'm the king of the world!"
Titanic
This term describes the increase in blood flow and the accumulation of immune cells at the site of infection or injury.
Inflammation
The process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA.
Transcription
These archaea are known for living in hot, acidic environments like hot springs.
Thermophiles
This is the process by which pathogens enter the host's body, often through the skin, mucosal surfaces, or the respiratory tract.
Portal Of Entry
This process involves the use of heat to kill or inactivate pathogens in food and liquids.
Pasteurization
This "Queen of Pop" is known for hits like "Like a Virgin" and "Vogue" and has reinvented herself numerous times.
Madonna
This is the process of attracting immune cells to the site of infection, often triggered by inflammatory mediators.
Chemotaxis
This process involves the conversion of mRNA into a protein sequence in microorganisms.
Translation
This type of bacteria, like Clostridium botulinum, can survive in oxygen-deprived environments and may produce toxins.
What are anaerobic bacteria?
This term refers to the severity or extent of disease caused by a pathogen, often measured by the level of damage to host tissues.
Virulence
This process removes or kills all microorganisms, including spores, from surfaces or substances, often achieved through autoclaving or sterilizing chemicals.
Sterilization
This artist, famous for hits like "Shape of You" and "Thinking Out Loud," is a British singer-songwriter.
Ed Sherran
These are specialized cells involved in inflammation and tissue repair, releasing histamine and other chemicals.
Mast Cells
This is the basic unit of heredity in microorganisms and consists of a segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein or function.
Gene
This classification system groups organisms based on shared physical characteristics and genetic relationships.
Taxonomy
This term refers to the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in a host, which is typically associated with the presence of virulence factors.
Pathogenicity
This commonly used antiseptic, often found in hand sanitizers, works by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes.
Alcohol
This former body builder and actor became the 38th Governor of California and later ran for President.
Arnold S.
These are small, soluble proteins that act as signaling molecules to mediate and regulate immune responses, especially during inflammation.
Cytokines
The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix before replication begins.
Helicase
These photosynthetic protists are the base of many aquatic food webs and are considered plant-like.
Algae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two bacteria that can form biofilms in this organ, leading to chronic infections.
Lungs
This type of chemical agent is used to prevent microbial growth on living tissues, commonly applied before surgery to reduce the risk of infection.
Antiseptic
This Netflix series about a group of kids encountering supernatural events in the 1980s was inspired by films like E.T. and The Goonies.
Stranger Things
This is a characteristic of inflammation, marked by redness and warmth, which results from increased blood flow to the affected area.
Vasodilation
This enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the growing chain during replication.
DNA Polymerase
This type of virus infects bacteria and is often used in genetic research.
Bacteriophage
Bacteria in biofilms are significantly more resistant to this class of drugs, which are normally effective against planktonic bacteria.
Antibiotics
This method involves exposing microorganisms to UV light, which causes DNA damage and inhibits microbial growth, often used for surface disinfection.
UV Radiation
This dystopian novel by Suzanne Collins is set in a future where children are forced to fight in televised death matches.
Hunger Games
This substance, released by damaged tissues or immune cells, triggers pain as part of the inflammatory response.
Prostaglandins
This type of mutation shifts the reading frame of the genetic code, often resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
Frameshift Mutation
Archaea are distinct from bacteria in their genetic makeup. They are more closely related to this domain of life.
Eukarya
These are proteins that are recognized by the immune system, and their recognition can trigger immune responses that target the pathogen.
Antigens
This physical method of microbial control involves exposing microorganisms to high-pressure steam, typically used for sterilizing equipment.
Autoclaving
This gaming console, released in 2000, became a major success for Sony, known for games like Gran Turismo and Final Fantasy VII.
Play Stations 2
This process is essential to inflammation, where immune cells exit blood vessels and migrate to the site of infection or injury.
Diapedesis
This occurs when a mutation leads to a premature stop codon in a gene, potentially truncating the protein.
Nonsense Mutation
These microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals and can be classified as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa.
Pathogens
These proteins, often found on bacterial surfaces, help pathogens evade the host immune system by preventing phagocytosis.
Capsules
These protective measures in hospitals help control the spread of infectious microorganisms, especially in immune-compromised patients.
Universal or Standard Precautions
It can describe someone's appearance or demeanor, indicating health, happiness, or vitality. For example, someone might say a person is doing this when they appear radiant or full of energy.
Glowing
These white blood cells are the first responders to infection, acting to neutralize and eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
This type of horizontal gene transfer occurs when bacteria transfer genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact, often via a pilus.
Conjugation
These bacteria live in extreme environments like hot springs, often classified as archaea.
Extremophiles
This enzyme, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, breaks down host tissues by digesting collagen, aiding in bacterial spread.
Collagenase
This method uses salt or sugar to draw water out of food and inhibit microbial growth, commonly used for curing meats or preserving fruits.
Osmotic Pressure
This civilization, located in modern-day Mexico, is known for its pyramids, calendars, and the city of Teotihuacan.
Mayan Civilization
These receptors on innate immune cells recognize PAMPs and trigger immune responses to defend against infections.
Toll Like Receptors
This process is the method by which DNA replicates, ensuring each new cell has an exact copy of the genetic material.
Semiconservative Replication
Archaea have unique lipid membranes, which help them survive extreme environments, whereas bacteria have this structure in their cell walls.
Peptidoglycans
This process involves the pathogen's ability to alter its surface proteins, preventing recognition by the host immune system.
Antigenic Variation
This practice uses genetically engineered microorganisms to break down pollutants, such as oil spills, reducing microbial contamination in the environment.
Bioremediation
This 1960 novel by Harper Lee, dealing with themes of racism and justice in the American South, is often studied in schools.
To Kill A Mocking Bird