Ch. 1
Name two reasons why the impact of infectious microorganisms have had less of a negative impact in the last 100 years.
Handwashing and Immunizations
What is the difference between the size of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
Eukaryotic (40S + 60S= 80S)
Prokaryotic (30S + 50S+ 70S)
Use the terms sporulation, germination, endospore, and vegetative spore and describe endospore processes.
To go from a vegetative cell to an endospore is called sporulation and to go from an endospore to a vegetative cell it is known as germination.
In which of the four steps of cellular respiration is ATP not synthesized?
Pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA.
Name Three Enzymes involved in DNA Replication and their roles
Answers Will Vary
Topoisomerase and gyrase- straightens and relaxes DNA
Helicase- unzips DNA
Primase- attaches temporary RNA Fragments
DNA Polymerase 3- Reads strand and adds complementary base
DNA Polymerase 1- Replaces RNA primers with DNA
DNA Ligase- seals space between OF
Define emerging infectious diseases
Diseases that suddenly become prevalent
What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER? Both structure and function.
Smooth Er is a closed tubular network without ribosomes that is responsible for nutrient processing and storage of nonprotein macromolecules. Rough is a smooth tubular network with ribosomes attached to the membrane that is responsible for protein synthesis.
Which type of bacteria matches the following questions:
1) Does it require Oxygen to make ATP?
2)Do they have protective measures against ROS?
a- yes, yes b- no, no c- yes, in low amts. d- no, yes
e- yes but can also create atp w/o, yes
a- Obligate Aerobic
b- Obligate Anaerobic
c- Microaerophiles
d- Aerotolerant Anaerobes
e- Facultative Anaerobes
Which step of cellular respiration releases the most CO2?
Krebs Cycle
What two parts of DNA tell when the description stops and starts?
The promoter and the terminatior
Who was the first scientist to use solid media?
Robert Koch
Name three functions of proteins in the cell membrane
1) support for a structure that protrudes from the cell (flagella, pili)
2) signaling and communication
3) export of toxins
4) transport of substances in/out of the cell across the membrane
5) Establish concentration gradients for energy transfer
What is the difference between a continuous vs bath culture?
Continuous culture means that you continue to add nutrients to the media that you grow the microorganism in. Bath cultures start with some nutrients and are not added to after microorganism is introduced.
What are the two ways of fermentation and how do they differ? What is oxidized in effect of this?
Alcohol fermentation- Breaks pyruvate into alcohol and CO2
Lactic acid Fermentation- Breaks pyruvate into lactic acid
NAdH is oxidized
tRNA- brings amino acids during protein synthesis and binds to codon
rRNA- important part of ribosome
What two things did Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask experiment prove?
1) Microbes are everywhere
2) Life needs an origin
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan
Polysaccharide chains formed from two different saccharides (M and G) connected by amino acid cross-bridges at the Ms.
Define the terms:
What do you call growth that reutilizes the nutrients from dead cells?
What is cell-to-cell communication utilized during biol film creation called?
Cryptic Cells
Quorum Sensing
What is oxygens' job in the Electron Transport Chain?
To pick up the electrons from the last protein in order to keep the electrons flowing through the proteins.
If the anti-codon is on a UAC what amino acid will the tRNA bring and which direction would it be in UAC be in?
Met because AUG would be the complementary codon. The direction of AUG would be 5 prime -3 prime because it is the direction mRNA is read; so the anti-codon would go from 3 prime - 5 prime.
Using the words species and genus write how you would WRITE a scientific name.
Genus Species
Name two different cellular Inclusions in the cytoplasm and their functions.
1) Gas vesicles- Aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy.
2) Storage Granules- Storage of nutrients such as sulfur, phosphate, or PHA.
3) Magnetosomes- Store magnetite (iron oxides) for magnetotaxis
Describe the four steps of Binary Fission
1) Cell elongates and DNA is replicated.
2) The cell wall and plasma membrane began to constrict.
3) Cross-wall forms, completely separating the two DNA copies.
4) Cells separates
Why is cellular respiration favorable to fermentation?
Much more energy can be produced than in fermentation.
What are the two forms of transduction and how do they differ?
Generalized transduction is random bacterial DNA that is packaged inside a phage and transferred to a recipient cell. While, specialized transduction is specific bacterial genes that are packaged inside of age and transferred to a recipient cell.