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Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Cells of the Immune System
Innate Immunity 2
Adaptive Immunity 2
100
This term is used to describe the microbes that are normally found on the human body. They do not cause disease and can in fact help prevent the disease by crowding out potential pathogens.
What is microbiota (or normal flora?)
100
Adaptive immunity can be said to have a dual nature. This is the name given to the response by T-cells.
What is cell mediated?
100
These cells respond to parasitic worms and use extracellular killing to destroy them by releasing cytotoxic chemicals.
What are eosinophils?
100
This process is a change in body temperature in response to pyrogens. Increased body temperature can help slow pathogen growth and denature protein toxins.
What is fever?
100
Adaptive immunity is said to have a dual nature. This is the name given to the response mediated by B-cells.
What is humoral immunity?
200
Your skin protects the outside of body, but this covers the inside parts of your body that are exposed to the outside world (ex: digestive tract, respiratory tract, etc.)
What are mucous membranes?
200
This substance is usually a protein, but it can also be a lipopolysaccharide, a nucleoprotein, or a glycoprotein. It is recognized as foreign by the immune system.
What is an antigen?
200
These two types of cells both release histamine which causes inflammation. One type is fixed in your tissue while the other type circulates in your blood.
What are mast cells and basophils?
200
These four cardinal signs describe inflammation.
What are calor (heat), tumor (swelling or edema), rubor (redness), and dolor (pain?)
200
People with this blood type produces antiA, antiB, and antiRh antibodies.
What is O negative?
300
This is how the lymph moves through your lymphatic vessels.
What is skeletal muscle contraction?
300
This process is where antibodies and complement proteins can coat microorganisms and make them easier for phagocytes to "see."
What is opsonization?
300
These cells are the first phagocytic responders to the site of infection. They don't live very long and they don't function as antigen presenting cells.
What are neutrophils?
300
This is the type of microorganism that induces a cell to produce interferon.
What is a virus?
300
There are three types of T-cells. This type responds only to antigen presented in a MHC II receptor by an antigen presenting cell. It will not kill the APC, rather it will release chemicals that tell other immune cells to fight the infection.
What is a helper T-cell?
400
This is a chemical found on your skin, mucous membranes, and even inside of phagocytes. It pokes holes in bacterial cell membranes.
What is defensin?
400
When an antibody attaches to an antigen, it is able to do these two main things.
What are neutralize the antigen (so it can no longer bind to its target - imagine a neurotoxin full of antibodies so that it can't bind to a neuron) and mark it for destruction by making it easier for the phagocytes to attach to it via the constant region macrophage receptors.
400
These cells are lymphocytes, but they are not B or T cells. They use extracellular killing to target viral-infected cells and cancerous cells.
What are natural killer cells?
400
These are the two main pathways for activating complement. One involves complement proteins binding to an antibody/antigen complex, while the other involves spontaneous cleavage of C3 which can then combine with free antigen.
What are the classical and alternative pathways?
400
When you receive an immunization, your immune system is active and you produce antibodies and memory cells. You do not get sick. This process is described as this type of adaptive immunity.
What is active artificial adaptive immunity?
500
No matter which pathway is used to activate complement, these three things will always happen as a result.
What are inflammation, opsonization, and membrane attack complexes.
500
When a B-cell receptor binds to an antigen that is very large, the B-cell is unable to internalize it and present it to a T-cell. As a result the B-cell produces antibodies, clones of itself, and plasma cells. It does not produce memory cells. These actions are a result of this type of B-cell activation.
What is T- independent?
500
This cell plays a role both in innate and adaptive immunity. It is phagocytic and can ingest and destroy pathogens (innate), but then it can also act as an APC and show those pathogens to the T-cell to activate it (adaptive.)
What are macrophage?
500
Inflammation is usually a helpful process that destroys infecting microorganisms and initiated healing of your tissue, but in this circumstance it is harmful. (There are a few different options - you only need to pick one.)
What is inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, or lungs, chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease.
500
All nucleated cells are able to do a self check via this which shows internal content to cytotoxic T-cells. While antigen presenting cells also are able to present collected external antigen via this to helper T-cells. (Two answers, needed in the correct order.)
What is MHC I and MHC II?