Vocabulary Vibrio
Define ubiquitous.
Exists everywhere. For instance, bacteria are ubiquitous!
Which of Carl Woese's Domains are prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukarya is all eukaryotes.
Haeckel proposed the division into Higher and Lower Protista.
If true, say true.
If false, correct the statement.
False.
Stanier proposed the division into Higher and Lower Protista. Lower included the prokaryotes, such as Cyanobacteria, and Higher included the eukaryotes, such as fungi and protozoa.
What did Haeckel do?
Define Cyanobacteria.
They are often considered blue-green algae, but are in the Domain Bacteria. They are known to be photosynthetic, and produce LARGE amounts of oxygen. Anything else?
Give three differences between Bacteria and Archaea. Stray from the obvious!
Answers may vary. Can include: Archaea have unique membrane lipids, lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, distinguished by rRNA, more closely related to Eukarya, live in extreme environments, include pseudomurein in their cell wall. Bacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan (majority do), exist everywhere, Cyanobacteria produces lots of oxygen, etc.
The five kingdoms proposed by Robert Whittaker include: Monera, Protista, Eukarya, Fungi, and Animalia.
If true, say true.
If false, correct the statement.
False.
Eukarya should be Plantae. Eukarya is a Domain, proposed by which scientist? What are the three Domains?
B! WHO IS THE ONLY ONE TO HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN?! Prokaryotes/Bacteria.
CAN ANYONE ELSE HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN?
WILL YOU REMEMBER THIS FOREVER?!
Define serovars.
Serovars are strains that differ in antigenic properties. What are the other types of strains?
Give as many components to the "definition of life" as you can remember. (At least 4)
Cells and organization
Respond to environmental changes
Energy use and metabolism
Growth and development
Ability to reproduce
Capacity for evolution
Regulation and homeostasis
INCORRECT: Motility, communication, genetic exchange
Slime molds exist in two life cycle stages, like Protozoa in one stage and Fungi in the other.
If true, say true.
If false, correct the statement.
True! What about the other protists? Describe them.
Define prions and give an example of a disease they cause.
Prions are infectious/misfolded proteins that lack DNA or RNA. They commonly cause neurodegenerative diseases (brain) that may include Mad Cow Disease in humans or Scrapies in sheep.
What is the gene that codes for an infectious prion?
Describe the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA.
Viruses lack metabolic activity, yet contain a genome and ribosomes.
If true, say true.
If false, correct the statement.
Viruses DO lack metabolic activity and contain a genome; HOWVER, they DO NOT HAVE ribosomes!! They will use the host cell's components to survive. Without a host, they are non-living and can't do anything. Viruses are NOT cells. But they are mean! So just remember, viruses are mean because they don't have anything of their own. #salty
Define ribozymes, detailed.
They are RNA molecules that form peptide bonds and act as enzymes. They can perform cellular work and replication. The earliest molecules were RNA, not DNA...
Describe the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis.
It describes the origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and hydrogenosomes (anaerobic) from endosymbiont. Endosymbiosis is the interaction between 2 organisms in which one lives within the other. It evolved into the formation of mitochondra and chloroplast organelles, depending on the organism's nutritional needs. There is much evidence proving the existence of this theory.
Bacteria and Archaea increase the genetic diversity by vertical gene transfer.
If true, say true.
If false, correct the statement.
False; It should be horizontal gene transfer. This is where genetic information is passed from donor to recipient. It is important for the evolution of organisms. Vertical gene transfer describes the transfer from parent to offspring.