Materials
Of the five electromagnetic forces, “chemical crosslinks” generally refer to this type of bond in biomaterials
Covalent bonding
This is the process of a materials integrating itself with bone
Osseointegration
This describes the homogeneity of the molecular weight of a polymer batch
Polydispersity
These unique cells are typically the next-stage evolution of overly-frustrated macrophages
Foreign Body giant cell
Though many biomaterials have decades of regulatory history, chemical characterization tests are still carried out to quantify these in medical devices
Leachable/Extractables/impurities
Rather than measuring the force and stress normal to the cross section of the material, this is dependent on the force vector parallel to the cross section of a sample
Shear stress
Despite its inflammatory-like name, this is the hosts natural response to an implanted biomaterial. Thin, dense, and avascular are all indicators of good biocompatibility
Foreign Body Reaction
A crystalline polymer brought above it’s crystalline melt point is reverted back to this state
Amorphous
These “first responders” of the immune system are known for their multi-lobed nuclei
Neutrophils
Highest concentration measured where NO significant response was detected
No-observable adverse effect level (NOAEL)
Stress is the intrinsic version of this vector quantity
Force
In contrast to apoptosis, this form of cell death typically leads to inflammatory reactions by the immune system
Necrosis
The Cordis Cypher stent infamously caused this type of adverse reaction
Thrombosis
Cells undergoing necrosis are likely to release these, initiating an inflammatory reaction
DAMPS
This type of tests analyses the rupture of red blood cells calorimetrically
Hemolysis
This is the amount of stress a material can withstand before undergoing permanent deformation
Yield Strength
This type of cell study involves complex mixtures of adhesive proteins with or without ones removed, and is a more accurate way to determine adhesion actors in vivo
Depletion study
To describe how susceptible patients were to certain ailments and diseases after receiving breast implants compared to non-patients, the NEJoM articles used this metric
Relative Risk
These are three components that activate platelets
Thromboxane, ADP, and thrombin
This type of clot, abundant in fibrin and platelets, forms in veins as opposed to arteries
Red thrombus
This test subjects samples to a fixed load, while measuring the variable strain that changes over time under that load
Creep Test
Stems cells have two defining traits: self-renewal, and this
Differentiation
The Osorio paper argued that, due to BNCs natural lack or porosity, it was inherently a “2D biomaterial”, preventing this desired trait of tissue engineering scaffolds
Cell Infiltration
The formation of this bacterial ECM-like substance can prevent the efficicacy of antibiotic treatment
Biofilm
The ratio of an established tox threshold to the leachable dose in a biomaterial, or this, is the primary metric in a toxicological risk assessment
Margin of Safety (MoS)