Bio Basis of Behaviors 1
Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects ____________and motor function as much, if not more than alcohol intoxication.
A) Physical
B) Cognitive
C) Social
D) Emotional
B) Cognitive
While there may also be physical, social, and emotional effects of sleep deprivation, studies have indicated that cognitive and motor functions are comparable to the effects of alcohol intoxication.
There are _________lobes of the brain.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
B) 4
There are four lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, prefrontal, and occipital.
______________psychology examines the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, problem solving, and other mental processes in order to explain how and why we think the way we do.
A) Genetic
B) Behavior
C) Cognitive
D) Intelligence
C) Cognitive
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that explores human thinking, emotion, creative, language, problem solving, and other mental processes. Behavior psychology focuses on how behavior is learned. Genetics is part of biopsychology, and while intelligence may be examined within cognitive psychology, intelligence itself is not a branch of psychology.
Which of the following statements is true?
D) There are many factors working together to influence an individual’s intelligence level.
Sensory information that we view as valuable, generally moves next into our ______________ memory system.
A) Long-term
B) Short-term
C) Implicit
D) Semantic
B) Short -term
Short-term memory is the next step after the information is processed in sensory memory. Long-term memory occurs after short-term memory and houses the continuous storage of information. Implicit and semantic are not memory systems.
The________________is involved in our experience of emotion and in tying in emotional meaning to our memories.
A) Amygdala
B) Hippocampus
C) Thalamus
D) hypothalamus
A) Amygdala
The amygdala is involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories. The hippocampus involves learning and memory, the thalamus is a sensory relay for the brain,and the hypothalamus regulates a number of homeostatic processes.
Danica is nervous about an upcoming test. Her heart starts racing and she feels a big rush of adrenaline. Danica’s ____________ nervous system has been activated.
A) Sympathetic
B) Parasympathetic
C) Cerebral
D) Somatic
A) Sympathetic
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities. The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with returning the body to a normal state. “Cerebral” is not a type of nervous system, and somatic nervous system is associated with conscious or voluntary activities.
Jasmine got a new iPhone and it’s already not working. She reboots the phone a few times, checks her settings, deletes a few apps, and searches through her email to see if she opened any suspicious looking messages. What problem-solving strategy is Jasmine using?
A) Trial and error
B) Heuristic
C) Algorithm
D) Common sense
A) Trial and error
In trial and error, different solutions are tested until one is found. A heuristic approach refers to mental shortcuts, an algorithm is a formula that provides step-by-step instructions, and common sense isn’t a formal type of problem-solving strategy.
A ____________bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.
A) Availability
B) Representative
C) Anchoring
D) Confirmation
D) Confirmation
Confirmation bias refers to focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs. Availability heuristic is not labeled as a bias, but it involves making a decision based on example, information, or recent experience that is readily availability, although it may not be the information to inform your decision. Representative bias involves unintentionally stereotyping someone or something, and anchoring bias only focuses on one piece of information and not all of the information that is available.
Information about things we learn how to do like tying your shoes, playing an instrument, and shooting a basketball are all part of _____________ memory.
A) Declarative
B) Procedural
C) Semantic
D) Epidsodic
B) Procedural
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things. Declarative memory is the storage of facts and events we personally experienced, semantic memory involves knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts, and episodic memory is one part of declarative memory in which information is stored about events we have personally experienced.
Interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system are defined as____________.
A) semipermeable membranes
B) Neurons
C) Gilal Cells
D) Synaptic Vesicles
B) Neurons
The nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the____________________nervous system.
A) Somatic
B) Homeostasis
C) Autonomic
D) Peripheral
D) Peripheral
The peripheral system is one of the two major subdivisions of the nervous system and connects the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Homeostasis describes a state of biological conditions and is not a type of nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system; not one of the two main types.
In 1957, B.F. Skinner proposed that language is learned through___________.
A) Humanism
B) Biological predispotion
C) Intelligence
D) Reinforcement
D) Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner, a behavioral psychologist, proposed that language is learned through reinforcement which is when stimuli are added or removed to either increase or decrease desired behavior. While biological predisposition and intelligence are considered in different aspects of psychology, Skinner focused on behavior as learned, not as a biological predisposition.
________________ occurs through automatic and effortful processing in which we label and organize the information we receive.
A) Encoding
B) Retrieving
C) Storage
D) Rehearsal
A) Encoding
Encoding is the input of information into the memory system. The process is automatic and effortful. As a result, information is labeled and organized in our memories. Retrieval happens when we get information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness, storing refers to the creation of a permanent record of information, and rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
The _______________ projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories.
A) Amygdala
B) Cerebellum
C) Hippocampus
D) temporal lobe
C) Hippocampus
One function of the hippocampus is to project information to cortical regions that gives memories meaning and connects them with other connected memories. The amygdala regulates emotions, the cerebellum involves implicit memories, and the temporal lobe interprets sounds and language.
Scarlett lives near a train station. The noise of the train used to bother her, but now she barely notices as it passes by. Scarlett is experiencing _____________.
A) Gestalt psychology
B) signal detection theory
C) sensory adaptation
D) Muller-Lyer illusion
C) Sensory Adaptation
Sensory adaptation refers to stimulus that we don’t perceive after a period of time of being exposed to it. Gestalt psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the parts of a whole, signal detection theory is the ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in distracting background noise, and the Muller-Lyer illusion is when lines appear to be different lengths but are actually the same length.
The Eagles wore green jerseys when they won against the Cowboys last week. The green jerseys signified which players were part of the Eagles team. In Gestalt psychology, this is known as the principle of___________.
A) Proximity
B) Similarity
C) Continuity
D) Figure-ground relationship
C) Continuity
In Gestalt psychology, the principle of similarity indicates that things that are alike tend to be grouped together. Players wearing the same color jerseys indicate they are part of the same team. The principle of proximity states that things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together, the law of continuity suggests that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines, and figure-ground relationships is how we segment our visual world into figure and ground.
___________seem(s) to be in control of the level of intelligence; _____________ influences provide both stability and change to trigger manifestation of cognitive abilities.
A) Language; developmental
B) Ethnicity; social
C) Genetics; environmental
D) Motivation; parental
C) Genetics; environmental
Genetics influence the level of intelligence, but the environment is crucial to how these levels are expressed. Language does not control intelligence, nor does development pertain to stability and change in this instance. Ethnicity and intelligence are not related, and social influences are more related to language development than the manifestation of cognitive abilities. Motivation and parental influences do not control intelligence levels although they may be part of a supportive environment that enhances cognitive abilities.
Why do many employers place a higher value on emotional intelligence over analytical intelligence?
Analytical intelligence can usually be easily researched through the internet, training manuals, textbooks, and other sources. Emotional intelligence is arguably a more complex skill set that deals with inter and intra personal relationships (awareness of others and self).
Witnesses to a crime can be easily (and often accidentally) misled due to the problem of___________.
A) Construction
B) Retrograde Amnesia
C) Anterograde amnesia
D) Suggestibility
D) Suggestibility
Suggestibility describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. Construction is the formulation of new memories. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that occurred after head trauma whereas anterograde amnesia involves remembering old information but nothing new after the head trauma.
Explain the role of gene-environment interactions in certain diseases, such as alcoholism.
Genes are the biological blueprints for our bodies, but the environment is a major indicator on which genes are actually expressed. Genetics and nature simultaneously influence each other. A genetic predisposition only indicates a likelihood, not an absolute about genetic expression.
Explain how psychotropic medications work.
Psychologists who focus on the physiological causes of behavior assert that psychological disorders are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitters systems. Psychotropic medications can correct the imbalances by acting as an agonist which mimics and strengthens neurotransmitters or as an antagonist which blocks or impedes neurotransmitter activity.
What is one criticism of using traditional IQ tests to determine intelligence and cognitive ability?
The tests do not control for important environmental factors (e.g. socioeconomic, cultural). It has been postulated that standardized intelligence tests are racially and culturally biased, have a discriminatory impact against black children, and have not been validated for the purpose of essentially permanent placements of black children into educationally deadened, isolated, and stigmatizing classes.
Explain Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory.
Each person possesses at least eight intelligences. Among these eight intelligences, a person typically excels in some and falters in others (e.g. High logical-mathematical intelligence but low interpersonal intelligence).
Marshawn is studying for a math test. He uses PEMDAS as a way to remember the order of operations. What type of memory strategy is this?
A) Mnemonic device
B) Chunking
C) Elaborative rehearsal
D) Repetition
A) Mnemonic device
A mnemonic device helps us organize information for encoding and is especially useful for recalling large bits of information such as steps, stages, phrases, and parts of a system. Chunking means organizing information into manageable bits, elaborative rehearsal is when you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory. While repetition is a useful study technique, it doesn’t necessarily have to involve an acronym as is listed in the above question.