Early Middle Ages
What battle stopped the Muslim advance into Europe?
What is the Battle of Tours.
What is the term for land granted by a lord to a vassal?
What is a fief?
What is the term for the 10% tax paid to the Church by medieval Christians?
What is a tithe?
Who called for the First Crusade?
Who is Pope Urban II?
What devastating event killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in the 14th century?
What is the Black Death?
How did Charlemagne's crowning by Pope Leo III affect the relationship between the Church and the state?
What is the strengthening of the Church’s authority over secular rulers and emphasized the divine right of kings.
How did the mutual obligations between lords and vassals maintain stability in feudal society?
What is the exchange of protection and land for military service and loyalty?
How did the Church enforce its authority through tools like excommunication and Canon Law?
What is excluding individuals from sacraments and salvation through excommunication and regulating moral and legal conduct through Canon Law?
How did the Crusades expand European trade networks and lead to cultural exchange?
What is introducing goods like spices, silk, and knowledge of science and medicine, fostering trade and cultural diffusion?
How did the Magna Carta establish limitations on royal authority?
What is guaranteeing rights like no taxation without representation and trial by jury, reducing the king’s absolute power?
Explain how the loyalty and kinship within small Germanic tribes shaped governance during the Early Middle Ages.
What is governance based on loyalty to family and tribal leaders, creating decentralized political structures?
Why was the manor system a self-sufficient economic unit in medieval Europe?
What is producing all necessary goods locally, reducing the need for trade during unstable times?
Describe the role of monasteries in preserving knowledge and providing education during the Middle Ages.
What is copying manuscripts, maintaining libraries, and educating clergy and laypeople?
What was the Reconquista, and how did it contribute to the centralization of power in Spain?
What is the effort to drive Muslims out of Spain, uniting the country under Catholic rule and strengthening the monarchy?
Explain how the Hundred Years' War marked the decline of knights and the rise of centralized monarchies.
What is introducing weapons like longbows and cannons, making knights obsolete and shifting power to professional armies?
What cultural and political unification did Charlemagne achieve during his reign?
What is uniting much of Western Europe under Christian rule and blending Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions?
Compare the roles of peasants and serfs within the feudal hierarchy.
hat is peasants being freer but still owing labor and dues, while serfs were bound to the manor and unable to leave?
Explain how the Benedictine Rule shaped the daily lives of monks and nuns.
What is imposing discipline through obedience, poverty, and chastity, focusing on prayer, work, and community service?
Explain the role of the Inquisition in enforcing religious unity in Spain.
What is punishing heretics and non-Christians to consolidate religious authority and reinforce the monarchy’s control?
What were the economic and social consequences of labor shortages caused by the Black Death?
What is giving peasants leverage to demand higher wages and more freedom, destabilizing the feudal system?
Analyze the significance of the Church of Rome supporting Clovis in solidifying his rule.
What is helping Clovis gain legitimacy, uniting his people under Christianity, and aligning with a powerful institution for political support?
Evaluate the long-term impacts of feudalism on European political structures.
What is decentralizing power, delaying the development of centralized states, and laying the foundation for later governance systems?
Assess the impact of papal supremacy on conflicts between the Church and European monarchs.
What is causing power struggles, such as the Investiture Controversy, by asserting the pope’s authority over kings?
Analyze the long-term political and economic effects of the Crusades on Europe.
What is weakening feudalism, increasing the power of kings, and spurring economic growth through trade?
Evaluate how changes in military technology during the Hundred Years' War altered the balance of power in medieval Europe.
What is reducing reliance on knights and feudal lords, empowering centralized monarchies through innovations like cannons and longbows?