People
Who had a conversion in 610 AD?
Muhammad
During what Papacy were Popes exiled from Rome?
The Avignon Papacy
What were the major reforms called?
The Cluny Reforms
When did the Western Empire fall?
Who ignored Pope Gregory and was excommunicated, then begged to be pardoned?
Henry IV
The Avignon Papacy led to what?
The "Western Schism"
What was the main focus in the Cluny Reforms?
prayer and generosity to the poor
What role did the Church hold in the face of an "authority vacuum" in Europe?
They were a protector
Who manipulated the papal election?
King Philip
The Bubonic plague was also called the ____?
Black death
What was the Council name which was called by Pope Innocent in 1215?
The Fourth Lateran Council
What city did Muhammad and his followers flee to?
Medina
Who wanted the papacy to be able to control the secular powers?
Pope Innocent III
What major event happened between 1095 and 1291?
The Crusades
What system does both Europe and the Church follow, that is intimately tied to political systems?
The Feudal System