Muslim Spain
This name was used for Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula.
What is Al Andalus?
This institution shaped beliefs, laws, education, and everyday life in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
What is the Catholic Church?
This crusade began in 1096 after Pope Urban II’s call and ended with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
What is the First Crusade?
With roads decaying, these became medieval “highways” that helped towns grow at crossing points.
What are rivers?
French heroine in the Hundred Years’ War; symbol of French resistance.
Who was Joan of Arc?
This long process describes Christian kingdoms gradually expanding south and taking territory from Muslim rulers in Spain.
What is the Reconquista?
This is one way a pope could pressure a king by removing him from the Church, making him look illegitimate.
What is excommunication?
This Muslim leader’s capture of Jerusalem in 1187 sparked the Third Crusade.
Who is Saladin?
Under the Rule of Saint Benedict, these communities mixed prayer and work and helped preserve texts, schooling, and farming know-how.
What are monasteries?
Much of Medieval Theology was based on his work.
Who is St Augustine?
This Spanish institution investigated religious conformity after 1492 and especially targeted suspected “secret” practitioners among converts.
What is the Spanish Inquisition?
This is a major example of popes and kings cooperating—popes called for it, and kings/knights led armies.
What are the Crusades?
The Fourth Crusade was pulled off course by politics and alliances—especially involving this maritime city-state.
What is Venice?
After this empire fell in 476 CE, Europe lost strong central control, cities shrank, and people asked, “Who can protect me today?”
What is the Western Roman Empire?
This convert to Christianity started the kingdom that would go on to be the number on tourist destination in Europe.
Who was Clovis?
Clue: This major city became a center of learning and culture in Al-Andalus, famous for its mosque and scholarship.
What is Córdoba?
In the year of 800 he was made Holy Roman Emperor.
Who is Charlemagne?
In 1204, crusaders sacked this Christian capital city and weakened Christian unity instead of fighting toward Jerusalem.
What is Constantinople?
As towns grew, merchants and skilled workers formed these groups that controlled training, quality, and prices—challenging wealth based only on land.
What are guilds?
She was queen of both England and France.
This southern kingdom was the last major Muslim state in Spain and survived until 1492
What is the Emirate (Kingdom) of Granada?
This conflict (late 1000s–early 1100s) erupted because kings wanted to appoint bishops, but popes said only the Church could do it.
What is the Investiture Controversy?
The Third Crusade is nicknamed the “Kings’ Crusade” because it included this English king.
Who is Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)?
This disaster created labor shortages, letting workers demand better wages or leave manors—speeding up the decline of the old labor system.
What is the Black Death?
This Medieval theologian/philosopher blended Christian thought with Aristotle.
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?