People of the Crusades
He was the pope during the start of the Crusades and helped rally support
Who is Pope Urban II
This Pope called for the First Crusade in 1095, urging Christians to "take up the cross
Who is Pope Urban II
The primary religious goal and destination of the First Crusade, it was captured by Christian forces in 1099
What is Jerusalem
Due to the Crusades, trade increased significantly between Europe and this geographical region
What is the Middle East
This term refers to the peasant who was "bound to the land" and could not leave the manor without the lord's permission
Who is a serf
This English king was a leader of the Third Crusade and famously fought against Saladin
Who is Richard the Lionheart
Many Christians believed that fighting in the Crusades would bring forgiveness of these, also known as salvation
What are sins
This Turkish city was the site of the first major siege of the First Crusade in 1097, which the Crusaders captured before moving into Syria
What is Nicaea
The Crusades contributed to the decline of this political and economic system in Europe, as many nobles sold or mortgaged their lands
what is feudalism
A large, self-sufficient estate that was the center of economic life in the Middle Ages
What is a manor
He was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria who united Muslim forces to recapture Jerusalem
Who is Saladin
This Byzantine Emperor requested help from Western Europe against the Seljuk Turks, providing the political impetus for the Crusades
Who is Alexios I Komnenos
The Crusaders engaged in a brutal 8-month siege of this Syrian city in 1097–1098, which fell thanks to a traitorous inside contact
What is Antioch
As knights and nobles lost their lives or money in the Crusades, this group gained power, laying the foundation for modern nation-states
Who are Monarchs
This land-grant, which was the basis of the feudal system, was given to a vassal by a lord
What is a fief
He was the Byzantine Emperor who asked Pope Urban II for help, triggering the First Crusade
Who is Alexios I Komnenos
This central city was the primary religious and geographic objective for Christian forces, having fallen under Muslim rule
What is Jerusalem
In 1187, Saladin outmaneuvered the Crusaders and crushed their combined forces at this crucial battle near the Sea of Galilee
What is the Battle of the Horns of Hattin
This 1204 event caused a final, irreparable schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
What is the Fourth Crusade
The medieval system of government where local lords governed their own lands but owed military service to a higher king
What is feudalism
This French noble led the First Crusade and became one of the first rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Who is Godfrey of Bouillon
Often driven by the law of primogeniture, many younger sons of European nobles went on Crusade looking for these, which they could not inherit at home
What is land
In 1204, this Christian city was unjustly attacked, sacked, and conquered by crusaders during the Fourth Crusade, violating their original mandate
What is Constantinople
The Crusades created a high demand for these luxury items, which Europeans had rarely accessed before the wars
What are spices
The primary job of this group of people was to fight to protect and defend their lord's land
Who are knights