Race
A biological myth ... a social construction ... a legal/political concept
What is race?
Refers to an individual bias, attitude, or belief in stereotype
What is prejudice?
Refers to culture, customs, language, and folkways
What is ethnicity?
This thesis ignores structural inequalities, poverty, and discrimination, arguing that demise of certain groups is inevitable because of biological deficiencies
What is Hoffman's extinction thesis
As of 2007, what percentage of runway models were women of color
What is 4 percent?
She argues that gender is not static, a role, or biological but a performance?
Who is Judith Butler?
Biological definitions of race (constructions of race), like contemporary arguments that focus on "cultural difference," justify and naturalize this
What is inequalities/disparities/differential outcomes
It is when an individual acts on individual bias or prejudice, causing harm, or denying opportunity
What is discrimination?
Professor Rubin's research found that when students were shown a picture of an Asian woman while listening to a lecture said to be by the pictured woman, they often
Described her as having an accent
He unsuccessfully challenged segregation by asserting that he was not black. This case would lead to the formalization of Jim Crow segregation until 1954, with passage of Brown v. Board of Education
Who is Homer Plessy?
Infant mortality rates among college educated black women are _________ times higher than among college educated white women
What is three (3) times?
Lorber argues that why gendering is done from birth, constantly and by everyone for which reason?
What is because gender functions as a social institution, as a means to organize society, and as a division of labor
"We have to look not only at the way individuals experience gender but at gender as a social institution. As a social institution, gender is one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives. Human society depends on a predictable division of labor, a designated allocation of scarce goods, assigned responsibility for children and others who cannot care for themselves, common values and their systematic
transmission to new members"
Only group to appear in every Census
What is whites?
Referring to laws, policies, and other arrangement, institutional racism is defined by 1) its structural and legal dimensions; 2) its maintaining of privileges and denial of opportunities, and this characteristic
What is it is self-perpetuating?
While often explained through colorblind or racist arguments, the frequency (3-4 times more likely) of black kids drowning is the result of
History of segregation; white supremacist violence; unequal access; housing discrimination; redlining
Shaping immigration policy, and many other institutions, this movement was concerned with preserving white purity
What is Eugenics?
Living more than 1 mile in urban/suburban neighborhood or 10 miles in rural area, how many million people live in a food deserts
What is 23.5 million?
Frye describes this as "living of one’s life is confined and shaped by forces and barriers which are not accidental or occasional and hence avoidable, but are systematically related to each other in such a way as to catch one between and among them and restrict or penalize motion in any direction"
What is oppression?
Most variation is ____ races
What is "within"?
Describes the links/connections/inter-effects of institutional racism that results in differential outcome (eg the ways redlining impacts schooling, job opportunities, health)
What is structural racism?
An example of systemic racism, since it locked in disparities and inequities across multiple generations (and reflected ideologies, discourses, laws and practices), despite the passage of the 15th amendment, these tactics were used to deny African Americans the right to vote
What is poll tax/literacy test/Grandfather clause/violence/ white primaries?
Reflecting widespread racism and bigotry, this group domination of basketball in 1930s was linked to their supposedly greediness, scheming mind, cunning disposition, and trickiness
Who are the Jews?
Reflecting cultural and systemic racism, what percentage of people imagine a black person when asked to picture a ___drug user
A quick note, we can think about this is built into system; part of smog we breathe; a stereotype; a prejudice that results in discrimination - Devah Praeger; shapes criminal justice (institutional racism); and other institutions (structural)
What is 95% percent?
Frye compares oppression to this object
What is a birdcage?
According to class lecture and film, these policies, many of which followed Bacon's rebellion, which saw white and black indentured servants coming together to revolt against existing power structure, contributed to race-based system of slavery.
What are slave codes?
Racist ideologies, attitudes, and institutions helped to create to preserve white advantage and power over time (racism as locked in; reproduced from 1 generation)
Systemic Racism
According to Coates, race rationalizes, normalizes, explains away, and naturalizes injustice/divisions/ inequalities. “Race is the ____ of racism, not the ____.”
What is child and father
This group lived in Blue Hills of Virginia and were seen as the worst combination of all racial traits and therefore abhorrent to the Eugenics movement and other white supremacist movements
What is WIN tribe?
Cited as an example of systemic racism in our readings, Blacks account for 35 percent of drug arrests and ____ percent of drug convictions, 'despite being just 14 percent of the population and drug-users.'
What is 53 percent?
She coined the phrase intersectionality, an “analytic frame that disrupted the tendency in social-justice movements and critical social theorizing ‘to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience and analysis”in 1989
Who is Kimberlee Crenshaw
According to Race: Power of Illusion (Part 1), what is one of the theories for the genetic development of melanin
"One hypothesis is that it happened because sunlight is essential to have adequate vitamin D. In northern latitudes with very little light during the winter, one needed every bit of light that one could capture in order to be able to have adequate, active vitamin D. And children in particular, would need to have, would need to be able to absorb into their skin enough light to have vitamin D present to keep them healthy"
An example of colorblind racism (a racial ideology that account for racial inequities through denying racism and providing alternative explanations), this refers to idea that it is both possible and preferable to act toward others without acknowledging skin color/racial differences
What is prescriptive colorblindness?
Jay Smooth concludes that media spends too much time 1) Focusing on individuals/individualized instances of racism; 2) Isolation - bad apples; 3) Use of coded racial language; 4) Erasure of systemic and institutional racism; 5) Ignoring of history … He says that we must be what
What is systemically aware?
This concluded that only whites could be citizens
Prior to centuries of conquest and genocide. Up to _____ million people of more than _____ sovereign Indigenous nations occupied the area that would become the United States
What is 100 million and 1,000
According to Pharr, gender roles are maintained by these three weapons of sexism?
What is economics, violence, and homophobia
According to Race: Power of Illusion (Part 1), "Sickle cell trait persists in certain populations around the world because of the relative resistance it confers to" this.
What is malaria?
"People who've got sickle cell trait are less likely to develop malaria and when they do develop it, they are less likely to develop severe complications and to die from it."
An example of colorblind racism (a racial ideology that account for racial inequities through denying racism and providing alternative explanations), this refers to belief that race no longer determines life chances and outcomes – blindness/denial to racism, to privilege, to obstacles (also known as post-racialism)
What is descriptive colorblindness?
Reflecting history of boarding school, civilization programs, and forced assimilation, this phrase/ideology embodied the cultural racism directed at indigenous communities
What is "Kill the Indian Save the Man"
An example of race-based privilege and systemic racism (or what Katznelson calls white affirmative action), these two jobs were were exempt from minimum wage, social security and other workplace requirements
Who are agricultural workers and domestics
An example of whataboutism and efforts to minimize racism, through misinformation, people often cite race-based scholarship as evidence. Yet, only ______ of scholarship dollars consider race as a factor
According to Crenshaw, “if we think about this intersection, the roads to the intersection would be the way that the workforce was structured by race and by gender.” And the traffic in those roads would be this?
What is hiring policies and the other practices that ran through those roads