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What IS the study of Microbiology?
the study of microscopic organisms that are too small to see with the naked human eye, and how they interact with living organisms and the environment
what does D K P C O F G S stand for
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
what is a Cladogram?
branched diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
what is the function of a cell wall
provides support, shape, protection, and prevents cell from bursting due to osmotic pressure
what is diffusion and osmosis, describe
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration
osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute
Characteristics of Amylose, Cellulose, and Glycogen
Amylose: made of Alpha glucose, glucose energy storage in plans, digestable, unbranched
Cellulose: made of Beta glucose, structure for plant cells, not digestable, unbranched
Glycogen: made of Alpha glucose, sugar storage in plants and animals, digestable
what are the 4 organic macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids
what are the 3 types of prostia?
animal like, plant like, fungi like
what is the significance of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) (Lipid-A), and how is it important in medicine?
LPS can act as an exotoxin and trigger strong immune responses such as fever and inflammation. The outer membrane (lipid-A) can make gram negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics.
what does amphipathic mean?
Both polar and non polar
Phospholipids are made of? and what do they create?
Phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic
fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic
they form a bilayer
what is a codon, how many nucleotides does it take to specify one amino acid?
what is the start codon and what does it encode, and what are the 3 stop codons
A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid
start codon = AUG, encodes Methionine
stop codons = UAA, UGA, UAG
describe transcription and translation
Transcription= RNA polymerase copies a genes DNA sequence into mRNA which carries the instructions for making a protein
Translation= ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a protein
what is the difference between fimbrae and flagella and what does each serve purpose
Fimbrae are short hair-like structures used for attachment
Flagellum are used for movement of bacteria they are attached by basal bodies
what does dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do?
dehydration synthesis: joins macromolecules together + makes H2O
hydrolysis: breaks macromolecules apart using H2O
What are the 3 types of RNA and what does each do
mRNA: messanger RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome
tRNA: transfer RNA brings amino acid to ribosome during translation
rRNA: forms part of ribosome and helps cary catalyze protein synthesis
what are the 3 domain and 6 domain views
3 domains: Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
6 domains: Monera, Prostia, Animalia, Archea, Plante, Fungi
why is cholesterol so important and what is it
it is amphipathic, its a steroid backbone, it stabilizes membranes, we need cholesterol to keep our membranes fluid
Eukaryote cell structures what do they do, Nucular envelope? Rough er? smooth er? golgi body? vesicles?
nucular envelope: protects and regulates
Rough Er: synthesizes proteins
Smooth Er: synthesis lipids
golgi body: protein packaging and processing
vesicles: transport and store
what is the difference between Staphlococcus and Streptococcus
Staphylococcus: divides randomly, the plane changes
Streptococcus: divides linear, plane is constant
what are the different protein structures? when is a proteins final form?
Primary: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Secondary: particular folds in Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet
Tertiary: overall 3D shape of one polypeptide chain
Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains joined together (final protein form)
if all organisms share the game genatic code how can we all be different?
Each amino acid is a codon, which is 3 nucleotides. Diffrent arrangements of these codons and nucleotides allow for major genetic diversity
Gram-Positive vs. Gram- Negative cell walls
Gram positive: 2 layers, thick peptidoglycan layer (25-30), no outer membrane, stains purple in gam stain, contains teichoic acids
Gram negative: 3 layers, thin peptidoglycan layer (2-5), has outer membrane, stains pink in gram stain, contains lipopolyscaccarides (LPS) (Lipid-A), contains trimeric porin (makes cell pores)
What are 3 parts of a nucleic acid and which pentose sugars are purines and pyrimidines?
A nucleotide has: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base (A G T C U)
DNA- deoxyribose RNA- ribose
Purines: adinine, guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
define genetic code and gene
Genetic code: system by which particular nucleotide sequence encode a particular amino acid where then the genetic information is used to build a protein and proteins are used to create organisms.
Gene: sequence DNA that encodes a particular polypeptide