Chemical Bonds
What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Covalent Bond
What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in cells?
Serves as a selective barrier
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
Reactions with a positive ΔG are called what?
Endergonic/non-spontaneous
What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Lower activation energy
Which bond forms between oppositely charged ions?
Ionic Bond
What are the two parts of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
DNA and RNA are examples of which type of macromolecule?
Nucleic acids
Name the Gibbs free energy equation.
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
What kind of inhibitor binds at the active site and blocks substrate binding?
Competitive inhibitor
What weak bond forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen?
Hydrogen Bond
Why do phospholipids form a bilayer in water?
Hydrophobic tails avoid water while the hydrophilic heads face it.
Which level of protein structure involves interactions between R-groups of amino acids?
Tertiary structure
If entropy increases and enthalpy decreases, what happens to ΔG?
ΔG becomes more negative (the reaction is more spontaneous).
What kind of inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme by binding elsewhere?
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Which is stronger: covalent or hydrogen bonds?
Covalent Bonds
In which step of cellular respiration is oxygen the final electron acceptor?
ETC (Electron transport chain)
What type of transport moves substances against their concentration gradient?
Active transport
How does delta EN influence the polarity of covalent bonds, specifically in the context of molecular interactions in water?
Greater electronegativity differences result in polar covalent bonds, creating dipoles that allow molecules to form hydrogen bonds with water, increasing solubility.
How many ATP are produced (net) by glycolysis per glucose?
2 ATP
What type of bond stabilizes the 3D structure of large biomolecules like proteins?
Disulfide/hydrogen bonds
How would the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer change if saturated fatty acids are replaced with unsaturated ones?
Unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity due to kinks in the hydrocarbon chains that prevent tight packing.
What kind of reaction forms polymers from monomers?
Dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction?
What molecules help maintain fluidity in the membrane at different temperatures?
Cholesterol
What would happen to cellular respiration if the mitochondrial membrane became permeable to protons?
ATP production would drop because the proton-motive force would disappear, so electron transport wouldn't be connected to ATP synthesis.