Thoracic Limb Muscles
In addition to the main portion of the superficial pectoral muscle, the cat has an extra slip of muscle called what? What is its origin?
Pectoantebrachialis m.; Manubrium
The internal intercostal muscles are muscles of ____________ while the external intercostal muscles are muscles of __________.
- Expiration
- Inspiration
What are the two types of synovial joints? Provide an example of each.
1) Simple: Scapulohumeral joint.
2) Compound: Elbow joint
Which two veins join to form the external jugular vein?
Linguofacial vein and maxillary vein
List the components of the carotid sheath (5 components)
Internal jugular vein, tracheal lymphatic duct, common carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk, recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the three parts of the brachiocephalicus muscle? What is their origin?
- Cleidocephalicus (Cleidomasteoideus and cleidocervicalis) and cleidobrachialis
- O: clavicular intersection
Epaxial muscles lie _________ to the transverse processes of the vertebrae; Hypaxial muscles lie _________ to the transverse processes of the vertebrae.
Dorsal; Ventral
The radial artery divides into what two branches? Which of these branches divides further and into what?
Divides into the deep and superficial branches; The superficial branch divides into medial and lateral branches
What is the vertebral formula of the dog?
C7, T13, L7, S3 (Fused), Ca20-23
Where is the puncta maxima of the right AV valve in the dog (Between which intercostal spaces and at what level)?
Right 3rd or 4th intercostal space at the costochondral junction?
What two muscles insert on the teres major tuberosity?
Teres major muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle
What are the epaxial muscles innervated by?
Dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves
The palmar aspect of the manus is an overlap zone of which nerves?
Median nerve (with musculocutaneous fibers via the communicating branch) and ulnar nerve
Where do intercapital ligaments course?
Connect pairs of ribs (2-10) by coursing across the dorsal surface of the anulus fibrosus
Where is cardiac puncture performed in the dog and cat (which intercostal space and what level) and why?
Dog: Right 4th intercostal space; Cat: Right 5th intercostal space; Both at the level of the costochondral junction; This is where the cardiac notch of the lung is.
List the medial and caudal antebrachial muscles (5 flexors + 2 pronators).
Flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris, deep digital flexor, interossei, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
List the epaxial muscle systems in order from more medial to more lateral.
1) Transversospinalis system
2) Longissimus system
3) Iliocostalis system
What three things is the carpal canal formed by?
1) Flexor retinaculum 2) Accessory carpal bone 3) Palmar carpal ligament
The right and left vagus nerve branch into what? Following branching, these branches merge to form what?
Branch to form dorsal and ventral branches. These merge to form dorsal and ventral vagal trunks.
Follow a sympathetic impulse from the CNS to the heart. Where does the synapse occur?
Spinal cord -> Ventral root -> Spinal nerve -> Communicating branch -> Sympathetic chain ganglia -> Cervicothoracic ganglion -> Ansa subclavia -> Middle cervical ganglion (Synapse) -> Cardiac nerves to heart
List all five actions of the subscapularis muscle.
FREAM (Flex shoulder; Rotate shoulder medially + Prevent lateral rotation when weight bearing; Extend shoulder; Adduct shoulder; Medially stabilize shoulder)
What is the origin and insertion of the longus capitis muscle?
O: Caudal portions of transverse processes of C2-C6 vertebrae; I: Muscular tubercle of the basioccipital bone
Which artery is the principal supply of blood to the manus in the dog?
Median artery
Where is a lumbar CSF tap performed in dogs and cats? What ligament must be poked through?
Performed at the space between L5, L6, L7 (dogs) or the lumbosacral junction in cats; Yellow ligament (Interarcuate ligament)
Provide an example of a visceral pleura. Provide an example of parietal pleura.
Visceral: Pulmonary pleura; Parietal: Costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura