State-Building
What is a state? + Author
A state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in a given territory.
(Max Weber)
Polyarchy, Author
Robert Dahl
Contestation - How many people/parties can run for office?
Inclusion - Who can participate in politics?
Competitive authoritarianism + Names
Competitive authoritarian regimes are characterized by a highly uneven playing field between incumbents and opposition; Levitsky & Way
Autocracy + examples
Political control exerted by a small body of elites
Institutional Theory + case + Authors
A&R, N&S Koreas
Institutions can explain the development - inclusive & extractive
How do we measure state strength? + Author
Scope (Functions) and Capacity (Institutions), Francis Fukuyama. USA - 3rd quadrant
State scope: Different functions or goals taken on by the government (i.e. ?What does the state do??)
2 State capacity: Ability to plan and implement policies, enforce rules (i.e. ?How well can the state get things done??)
Survival model of democracy, Author
Survival model of democracy: regime transition random, democratic survival more likely with
higher GDP. Adam Przeworski (1991)
Democratic consolidation vs. democratic transition
Consolidation - completed process, institutionalization. Transition - the result is hard to predict
Types of dictatorships
Monarchical dictatorship
Military dictatorship
Dominant party dictatorship
Personalistic dictatorship
(ISI) + case
The Import-Substituting Industrialization model is, economic development strategy where a country produces its own goods to reduce reliance on foreign imports (South Korea)
1. Restrictions on imports of final goods
2. Technology transfer and capital imports
3. Protection of infant industries
4. Export of final goods (?)
Bellicist Theory + Author
War made the state, and the state made war, Charles Tilly
European state formation
Voluntarist theories of democracy + example
George Washington and the founding of American democracy
Pathways out of competitive authoritarianism + examples
International Pressure and Domestic Pressure
South Africa and Ukraine 2014
This allows authoritarians to improve governance through consultation with citizens while developing a supervision structure to better control these citizens
Consultative authoritarianism (ex. Chinese Communist Party)
Third Wave of Democracy: dates and causes
III. Third wave (1974-early to mid 2000’s)
Causes of the “Third Wave”
1. Declining ideological legitimacy
2. Declining performance legitimacy
3. Military defeats
4. International influences
5. Snowballing
Rostow’s stages of development
Rostow’s five stages of development
1. Traditional society
2. Pre-conditions for take-off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to maturity
5. High mass consumption
FreedomHouse. Provide examples
The project measures democracy
USA = Mongolia = 84 (Global Freedom)
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). How many times has this book been cited by other scholars?
~6500 (any number around 6-5k counted)
How to stay in power when everyone wants you dead!
Repression, Rents, Co-optation, Spinning the truth
The Chicago Boys
Economists from Chicago who helped to improve Chile's economy under Pinochet's Rule
The Case of Chile: Radical Market-Oriented Reform and Export-led Growth
Twentieth-Century State-Building Success: Malaysia
Contentious politics (i.e., domestic unrest) essential to state-building/consolidation
1. 1945 Chinese communal riots ⟹ Creation of protection pact
2. 1946 expansion of Chinese citizenship ⟹ Creation of UNMO
3. 1947 labor unrest ⟹ Income tax and Employee’s Provident Fund
4. 1948 Communist riots ⟹ Expanded police force and infrastructure
Dahl's measurements of democracy: name all 8!
1 Right to vote
2 Right to be elected
3 Right to compete for support and votes
4 Free and fair elections
5 Freedom of association
6 Freedom of expression
7 Alternative sources of information
8 Institutions for making public policies depend on votes and other expressions of preferences
Recall any example of CA and explain
Modern: Turkey, Hungary
From L&W: Peru, Russia, and Ukraine in the 90s
Single-party authoritarianism as a survival strategy + case
China
Mill’s method of agreement & difference
Mill’s method of agreement: Cases with different attributes and similar outcomes, looking for
common elements to explain the common outcome
Mill’s method of difference: Cases with similar attributes and different outcomes, looking for
elements of distinction to explain distinct outcomes