History of Psychology
Define Psychology...
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
List the five main ethical principles that guide research involving human participants.
-Minimal risk
-Informed Consent
-Right to Privacy
-Debriefing
-Withdrawal from investigation
What is a Schema?
Framework that organizes information about the world around us.
Having schema in our mind makes it easier for us to identify new objects and try to define them based on our existing knowledge of similar objects.
What is Theory of Mind?
Theory of mind is the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and perspectives different from one's own
Name the 5 main paradigms of psychology (schools of psychology) discussed in class:
-Biological
-Behavioral
-Cognitive
-Psychoanalytic
-Humanistic
One of the earliest debates about human psychology is still ongoing today. This is the _______________Versus_______________ debate.
Nature vs. Nurture
What is a correlational study?
A research design where we want to find out if there is a relationship between variables.
List 4 capacities of a newborn.
What is object permanence?
The cognitive understanding that objects, people, and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
The psychological perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes and early childhood experiences is:
Psychoanalysis
Explain how heredity and environment interact in development.
Heredity and environment interact continuously in development, meaning that genetic factors provide the foundation for growth, while environmental experiences influence how and to what extent those genetic potentials are expressed, through stimulation or depravation.
Language Development: A child may inherit a potential for strong language abilities (heredity). However, whether that potential develops depends on environmental factors such as being spoken to frequently, exposure to books, and social interaction.
_____________________ The risk anticipated in the research should not be greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life.
Minimal Risk
Describe the concept of sensitive or critical periods. Why are they important?
Periods that are optimal for a particular kind of development. (Windows of opportunity)
What is temperament? How might temperament influence a child’s social relationships?
Mood-related personality characteristics.
Attachment patterns reflect interaction between baby’s temperament and parents’ responsiveness.
What are defense mechanisms?
Give an example
Unconscious psychological responses that protect people from feelings or things they can't deal with at the moment.
How did the development of computers influence the field of psychology?
The rise of computers provided an analogy for understanding the human mind (Memory tasks = to the way a computer stores and retrieves information).
What are the primary responsibilities of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the context of psychological research?
Review and approve research proposals to ensure ethical compliance.
A child says stealing is wrong because “you will get punished.”
According to Kohlberg, what level of moral reasoning is this?
Explain why.
Preconventional Level: Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
At the preconventional level, moral reasoning is based on external consequences. Children judge actions as right or wrong depending on whether they lead to punishment.
Wha is attachment? And why is it important for development?
The infants tendency to seek closeness to particular people and to feel more secure in their presence.
Attachment is crucial for a child's social development because it provides the foundation for emotional security and healthy interpersonal relationships throughout life.
Give one example of conditioning in real life
Stickers to students
Why do you think its important to study the nature-nurture debate in psychology?
It helps us understand how genetics and the environment interact to shape who we are.
It is fundamental in understanding how individuals develop.
It helps explain individual differences.
Aids in treatment and intervention strategies.
Central to understanding personality traits. Questions about the genes of traits and the impact of environmental factors on their development.
Describe the main differences between experimental research, correlational studies, and the descriptive method.
Experimental research manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect, while correlational studies look for relationships between variables without manipulating variables, and the descriptive method focuses on observing and describing behaviors without intervention.
Describe each of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development, including the key cognitive abilities for each stage.
1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth – 2 years)
Infants learn about the world through their senses and actions. They develop object permanence.
2. Preoperational Stage (2 – 7 years)
Children develop symbolic thinking, allowing them to use words and images to represent objects. They engage in pretend play and start using language more effectively. Egocentric thinking.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 – 11 years)
They understand conservation and classification (grouping objects by common features).
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and up)
They develop abstract and hypothetical thinking. They can reason about theoretical situations, and the future.
Explain the four types of attachment.
Secure:
Insecure Avoidant:
Insecure ambivalent:
Disorganized:
Draw and explain Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active