The Renaissance
This intellectual movement, based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature, focused on classical values to revitalize culture and is considered a key characteristic of the Italian Renaissance
What is humanism?
Martin Luther believed that humans are saved through this alone, rather than good works., making it the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.
What is justification by faith?
This system, in which a ruler holds total power, was tied to the idea that monarchs supposedly received their authority from God and were responsible only to God.
What is absolutism?
This alliterative phrase summarizes the key motives for European expansion, suggesting the desire for wealth, grandeur, and religious conversion.
What is Gold, glory, and God?
This intellectual movement, influential during the 16th and 17th centuries, was defined by fundamental changes in how Europeans looked at themselves and their world, often associated with scientific and technological changes.
What is the Scientific Revolution?
Often called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, he looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts and emphasized using pure classical Latin
Who is Francesco Petrarch?
This idea, central to Calvinism, states that God has already determined, or selected, whom he would admit to salvation and whom he would condemn to destruction
What is predestination?
This French king is regarded as the best example of absolutism in the seventeenth century and fostered the myth of himself as the Sun King.
Who is Louis XIV?
This Portuguese explorer sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and cut across the Indian Ocean, arriving off the port of Calicut, India, in 1498.
Who is Vasco da Gama?
This French philosopher, often called the father of modern rationalism, emphasized the importance of his own mind and famously concluded, "I think, therefore I am," based on the idea that the mind and body are radically different.
Who is René Descartes?
This German printer pioneered the use of movable type in the mid-fifteenth century, encouraging scholarly research and stimulating an expanding reading public
Who is Johannes Gutenberg?
Passed by Parliament at the request of King Henry VIII, this act declared the king the "only supreme head on earth of the [new] Church of England," finalizing England's break with the pope
What is the Act of Supremacy?
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Defined as the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres, this complex exchange led to population growth in Europe due to new staple crops like the potato, but caused the indigenous population in the Americas to decline drastically due to lack of immunity to diseases.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Nicolaus Copernicus developed this sun-centered conception of the universe, arguing that the planets revolved around the sun, which offered a more accurate explanation than the Ptolemaic system.
What is the heliocentric theory?
This model "Renaissance man" was an artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary who mastered realistic painting, even dissecting human bodies, to create idealized forms.
(Painted the Mona Lisa)
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
This Protestant faith was based on the teachings of a French reformer who focus on the doctrine of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.
What is Calvinism?
This family, whose name is highlighted in the study guide, had long played a significant role in European politics as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.
Who are the Hapsburgs?
The Spanish conquerors, or conquistadors, of the Aztec and Inca Empires were successful, in part, because the indigenous people had no natural immunity to European diseases like this one.
What is smallpox (or measles and typhus)?
This greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution defined the universal law of gravitation in his Principia, mathematically proving how planetary bodies maintain their elliptical orbits about the sun
Who is Isaac Newton?
An accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect, his figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel depict an ideal type of human being with perfect proportions, reflecting divine beauty.
Who is Michelangelo Buonarroti?
This meeting of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs, upheld the seven sacraments, and forbade the selling of indulgences
What is the Council of Trent?
DAILY DOUBLE: Determined to westernize Russia and secure a "window to the West," this czar borrowed European technology, established a large standing army, and founded the city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea
Who is Peter the Great (or Peter I)?
DAILY DOUBLE: This stage of the Triangular Trade network, described in the study guide as the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean, resulted in many deaths due to harsh conditions and lack of immunity to disease.
What is the Middle Passage?
He was the first European to make regular observations using a telescope, discovering mountains on Earth's moon and moons revolving around Jupiter, observations that led the Catholic Church to order him to abandon the Copernican idea
Who is Galileo Galilei?