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Chapter 1 & 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
100

Statistical significance. 

A statistically different result is unlikely to be explained solely by chance or random factors. A high degree of statistical significance indicates that an observed relationship is unlikely to be due to chance. 

In psychology, the most common standard for p-values

is “p < .05”. This means that there is less than a 5% probability that the results happened.

100

Define Etiology

In psychology, etiology is the study of the causes and development of mental and physical disorders. It can also refer to the causes of a psychological disorder.

100

Define comorbidity. 

Comorbidity is defined as the co-occurence of more than one disorder in the same individual.

100

What classifies a criterion A trauma in PTSD? 

Criterion A: Traumatic event as defined by: direct exposure to, witnessing indirectly (by learning a close friend or close relative was exposed), OR. repeated/extreme indirect exposure in the course of professional job (not through media) Changes to wording of traumatic event exposure specification.

100

Amygdala functions.

MAIN functions - 

  • Regulating functions: The amygdala regulates autonomic and endocrine functions.
  • Regulating emotions: The amygdala regulates anxiety, aggression, fear conditioning, emotional memory, and social cognition.

-also aids in memory, vigilince, stress response 

200

The difference between a control and an experimental/comparison group. 

A control group is randomly assigned, while a comparison group is not. In a controlled experiment, scientists compare a control group to an experimental group. The experimental group is identical to the control group in all respects except for one difference.

200

Classic v Operant Conditioning 

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence. 

200

Difference between fMRI and MRI. 

-MRI - Creates a picture of the body's interior structures. MRIs can be used on various parts of the body, including the brain.


-fMRI - Records metabolic activity over time, focusing solely on the brain. fMRIs measure small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity. 



200

Immunosuppression 

Immunosuppression is the suppression of the body's immune system. This is supported by a system of cells that is concerned with attacking viruses and bacteria so they cannot infect the body. If someone is dealing with an ongoing stressor, the HPA system becomes active, which leads to the production of cortisol.

200

Blood-injection injury phobia and treatment. 


Blood-injection-injury phobia is a Specific Phobia that affects about 4% of the population in the United States (Stinson et al., 2007). Patients experience marked and persistent fear or apprehension when confronted with stimuli such as blood, injuries, wounds, mutilations, needles, or injections.


Treatment - CBT, exposure therapy, applied tension therapy, and relaxation therapy.

300

What was the mental hygiene movement? 

The mental hygiene movement aims to reduce the conditions that lead to mental illness. The movement's goals include:
  • Preventing mental illness
  • Helping people cope with stress
  • Rehabilitation for the mentally disturbed
  • Promoting and preserving mental health
  • Based on evidence on effective treatments
  • Based on the human rights of people with mental disorders
300

Describe the biopsychosocial theory. Give an example. 

Considering the biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to an individual's presentation. 

300

Multifinality v equifinality

In psychology, multifinality and equifinality

are concepts that describe how different factors can lead to different outcomes:

-Multifinality - A single risk factor can cause multiple different outcomes. For example, similar initial conditions can lead to different outcomes.


-Equifinality - Multiple pathways can lead to the same outcome. For example, a single behavioral dimension can be influenced by multiple risk factors.

300

Function of the HPA Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is the main stress response system. It is the neuroendocrine link between perceived stress and physiological reactions to stress.

300

Panic disorder symptoms. 

Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear that trigger severe physical reactions when there is no real danger or apparent cause. They can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason. During a panic attack, you might think you're losing control, having a heart attack or even dying.

Panic disorder is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including:
  • Pounding or racing heart
  • Sweating
  • Chills

  • Trembling

  • Difficulty breathing
  • Weakness or dizziness
  • Tingly or numb hands

  • Chest pain

  • Fear 
400
This is a meta-analysis. 

In psychology, 

meta-analysis



 is a statistical analysis that combines and analyzes the results of multiple studies. It's a way to objectively examine published data from many studies on the same topic. 

Meta-analyses are important for supporting research grant proposals, shaping treatment guidelines, and influencing health policies. They also help summarize existing research to guide future studies.

400

What is the diathesis-stress model? 

The diathesis-stress model, also known as the diathesis-stress hypothesis, is a theory that psychological disorders are caused by a combination of genetic or biological predisposition and environmental stressors

. The model states that if the combination of predisposition and stress exceeds a threshold, the person will develop a disorder

400

What is our current classification? List some pros and cons. 

DSM 5


400

Stress v PTSD

Stress/Acute stress disorder - occur between 3 days and 4 weeks 

Stress reactions that last longer than four weeks may meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, changes in thoughts / behaviors, avoidance






400

List at least 3 symptoms of social anxiety disorder. 






Symptoms of social anxiety disorder are both physical and psychological and include:
  • feeling anxious in social situations.
  • feeling self-conscious around other people.
  • increased heartbeat, sweating, dizziness, and trembling.
  • blushing or stammering when speaking.
  • upset stomach — diarrhoea or feeling sick.


500

Compare two different types of research designs. 

Longitudinal - A longitudinal study can be retrospective or prospective. A retrospective longitudinal study uses existing data from previous research or online surveys to put results in a larger timeline. The goal is to observe how the results vary over time. (can be retrospective and prospective) 

Single case studies - examine one case for x reasons. 

500

What is a neurotransmitter? Give two examples. 

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that helps nerve cells communicate with each other. Some functions of neurotransmitters include regulating mood, the sleep-wake cycle, and appetite.

Dopamine. Dopamine, also known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter, is a major chemical contributing to learning, rewards, addictions, and motivation.

Epinephrine. This neurotransmitter and hormone are also known as adrenaline.

500

Types of classification (i.e., categorical, prototypical, dimensional).

  • Categorical
    Considers illness as either present or absent. It conceptualizes mental disorders as discrete syndromes. A categorical approach relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors.


  • Prototypical
    Identifies some essential characteristics of a disorder and allows for certain non-essential variations. A prototype is the best example or cognitive representation of something within a certain category.


  • Dimensional
    Regards that symptoms of disorder exist on a continuum from normal to severely ill. It does not attempt to place people into diagnostic categories. A dimensional approach places behaviors on a continuum of frequency. 


500

Three component model of emotions? 

Emotions are complex, and we have to practice identifying the three parts—thoughts, physical sensations, and behaviors. These parts also interact with one another, and in the 3-Component Model we put two-way arrows from each part to the other parts to show how they all affect one another.

500

3 examples of medication for anxiety.

Benzodiazepines

SSRIs 

Hydroxezine 

Buspirone