General Knowledge
The belief that there are basic axioms, beliefs, and/or statements concerning the structure of knowledge.
What is foundationalism?
Influential philosopher before Plato who shared similar view that ideas were far more real than the actual world and was hostile toward observation and experimentation.
Who was Pythagoras?
Deceptive senses, dreams, evil genius
What are Descartes’ three levels of doubt?
Of the four methods Peirce says "fix" belief, this is the one he champions.
What is the scientific method?
Title of Moore's article where “appeals” to common sense are made, but no “proof” offered.
What is "A Defense of Common Sense"?
This kind of argument is one where the premises force us to the conclusion.
What is a valid argument?
Plato’s Theory of Opposites is an argument that is valid but not this.
What is sound?
The proposition “I think, therefore I am” is also known as this.
What is the cogito argument?
Peirce's 4 Incapacities take aim at this philosopher.
Who is Descartes?
Common sense propositions are sometimes called this (named after this philosopher).
What are "Moore-type" propositions?
First philosopher to argue for a division between nature and reason; believed the laws of nature could be deduced by pure thought.
Who is Pythagoras?
This doctrine, found in Plato's dialogue the Phaedo, promises that the soul has access to the Forms.
What is the doctrine of recollection (anamnesis)?
Descartes' clear and distinct ideas (truth rule) came to him from God, however, these clear and distinct ideas were what he used to “prove” God’s existence.
What is the “Cartesian Circle”?
According to Peirce, this method will eventually be doubted when it is seen that what we take as “agreeable to reason” shifts to the whims of changing fashions.
What is the a priori method?
Moore distinguishes between things present in space and this.
What are things to be met with in space?
This argument is valid and all of its premises and conclusion are true.
What is a sound argument?
Regarding Plato’s theory of Forms, there are things which always bring with them some other property. This characteristic of the Forms is sometimes referred to as this.
What is a "Form-Bringer"?
In Descartes’ wax experiment, after he brings the wax close to the fire it changes. It is this that allows us to say that the same wax remains.
What is our reason, our understanding?
James' theory of truth says this.
What is: something is true if it is useful?
A proof of an “external” world means Moore must accept tacitly accept this.
What is an "internal" world?
A movement that maintains all ideas about abstractions are formed by what is experienced or observed around us. Our ideas depend on evidence from the senses.
What is empiricism?
When discussing the "Form-Bringer," Plato says the soul brings with it this.
What is deathlessness and knowledge of the Forms?
Doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, willing, refusing, imagining, and sensing are attributes Descartes includes under this mode of thought.
What is the res cogitans?
In order to show that James’ theory of truth is incorrect one must show one of two things.
What is: an instance of something that is true but useless, or false but useful?
In "Proof of An External World," Moore says his argument is a "perfectly rigorous one." However, he admits a proof must not only be valid but provide this in its premises--something his argument lacks.
What is truth?