MIDTERM PREP

Vocab

100

Advanced Directives

are legal documents that provide instructions for medical care and only go into effect if you cannot communicate your own wishes.

200

Moral Subjectivism

based on an individual person's perspective of what is right or wrong.

300

Conflicts of Interest—Example

Situations where a healthcare professional's personal interests or financial ties could influence their professional judgment.(i.e., a doctor recommending a specific treatment because they receive a commission)

400

Autonomy

(patient's right to make choices)

500

Normative Ethics

Explores principles to guide our actions.

Concepts

100

Hippocratic Oath

historical document that sets ethical guidelines for physicians.

200

Whistleblowing

Reporting unethical or illegal practices within a healthcare organization.

300

Morality vs Ethics

Morality as our personal compass for right and wrong, shaped by our background and values. Religion, with its belief systems and moral codes, often plays a major role in shaping individual morality.

Ethics, a branch of philosophy, takes a more systematic approach to morality. It asks philosophical questions about what justifies our actions and how to create a just society. 

400

 Teleological and Deontological

Teleological ethics determines the goodness or badness of an action by examining its consequences whereas deontological ethics determines the goodness or badness of the action by examining the action itself.

500

Beneficence vs Non-Maleficence vs Justice

• beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (avoiding harm), and justice(fairness in healthcare allocation).

Society

100

Legal Standards

are the laws and regulations that a society creates to enforce ethical principles.

200

Professionalism

builds on this foundation of ethics by establishing specific ethical codes of conduct expected within different professions.

300

Ethical Citizenship

This means upholding values that benefit everyone, while respecting the rights of others, even those with different beliefs.

400

Citizenship as Responsibility

It's not just about rights, but also about actively participating in shaping a fair and just society.

500

Atheism vs Theism and Rational vs. Arational 

God does not exist vs. God does exist

Need support and evidence vs. belief w/o evidence

Application

100

Subjectivism

Believes moral truths are relative and depend on individuals or cultures.

200

Objectivism

Believes there are universal moral truths that exist independently of individuals or cultures.

300

Law

 A system of rules and regulations enforced by the government, with penalties for violations.

400

Why ethical and legal standards are important?

• Protecting people from harm. Laws are in place to protect people from violence, theft, and other forms of harm. Ethical principles guide how we should treat each other with respect.
• Promoting fairness. Laws and ethical standards help to ensure that everyone is treated fairly and has an equal opportunity to succeed.
• Building trust. When people trust each other to behave ethically and follow the law, it creates a more stable and prosperous society.

500

Explain the three concepts of violence. 

1. Force (application of force)

2. More than just force (excessive force)

3. Structural (sexism; homophobia)

4. Psychological Violence (domestic violence)

Principles

100

Faith

Belief without evidence 

200

Utilitarianism

Greatest good for the greatest number of people.

300

Confidentiality 

Protects patient privacy and trust, allowing for open communication and better healthcare outcomes.

400

Deontology

There are universal moral duties and rights that should be followed regardless of consequences.

Deontology states that an act that is not good morally can lead to something good, such as shooting the intruder (killing is wrong) to protect your family (protecting them is right).

500

Meta-Ethics

Examines the nature of morality itself (i.e., Is morality objective: based on facts that can be observed, measured, and verified or subjective: Based on personal opinions, feelings, experiences, and interpretations. Varies from person to person?