Hypothesis
The type of hypothesis: Adults that use tobacco have an increased amount of attachment loss, compared to adults that do not use tobacco.
What is directional hypothesis.
A study examines the difference in gingival inflammation between men and women. This is the independent variable.
What is gender?
Think time - this type of study follows a large group of people forward in time to evaluate the effects of variables on health. After a specific period of time, study participants are analyzed and results are compared between groups.
What is prospective?
The difference between in vivo and in vitro.
What is within or outside of a living organism? In vitro - artificial environment, outside of a living organism (petri dish) In vivo - within a living organism (clinical trials, animal studies)
One component of a good research design.
What is maximum objectivity/minimal bias/control of errors and confounding variables/guides selection of statistical methods/allows for meaningful interpretation of results?
The type of hypothesis: There is no difference in gingival inflammation between adults that floss daily and adults that never floss.
What is null hypothesis?
A study examines the difference in gingival inflammation between men and women. This is the dependent variable.
What is gingival inflammation?
Think time - this type of study looks back in time for possible causative factors of a certain disease or condition.
What is retrospective?
A type of observational study.
What is cross-sectional, case/control, cohort?
The three types of true experimental designs.
What is Random Crossover Factorial Random split-mouth
The results of a study when the p-value is less than 0.05.
What is rejecting the null hypothesis OR stating there is a difference.
A study examines the difference in periodontal attachment loss between smokers and non-smokers. This is the dependent variable.
What is periodontal attachment loss?
Think time - this type of study gives a snapshot of the population and measures disease and exposure status simultaneously.
What is cross-sectional?
In Campbell and Stanley's notation, R stands for this.
What is randomization?
A Non-equivalent control group study is an example of this type of experimental design.
What is quasi-experimental design?
Name three characteristics of a hypothesis.
What is simple, concise, specific, unbiased, formulated early in design?
A study examines the difference in periodontal attachment loss between smokers and non-smokers. This is the independent variable.
What is smoking status?
Think time - this type of study refers to ANY type of study that is long-term.
What is longitudinal?
In Campbell and Stanley's notation, the O stands for this.
What is observation or measurement?
Randomization reduces _________ and increases _______ validity.
What is selection bias and internal?
State an example of a non-directional hypothesis.
What is "There is a difference in gingival inflammation when comparing adults on calcium channel blockers to adults on no medications."
A study examines the difference in periodontal attachment loss between smokers and non-smokers. This is one example of a possible confounding/extraneous variable.
What is plaque? What is oral hygiene? What is last visit to DDS? Etc...
When considering random assignment and control/experimental groups, differentiate between true, quasi-, and pre-experimental studies.
What is... True - random, control and experimental groups Quasi - control and experimental groups, but no random assignment Pre - no random assignment, no control group
Use Campbell and Stanley's notation to demonstrate a random crossover design.
What is
(R) O X1 O X2 O
(R) O X2 O X1 O
The main difference between the experimental and control groups in an experimental study.
What is manipulation?