Sensation and Perception
This sense is the only one that bypasses the thalamus on its way to the brain.
What is smell?
This first stage of memory holds information for a fraction of a second before it’s processed.
What is sensory memory?
Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a bell is an example of this type of learning.
What is classical conditioning?
This part of the brain controls basic life functions like breathing and heartbeat.
What is the medulla?
This term describes a test’s ability to produce consistent results.
What is reliability?
This term refers to the process of converting sensory energy into neural impulses.
What is transduction?
The process of getting information into memory storage is known by this term.
What is encoding?
Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses is this schedule.
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
The left and right hemispheres communicate through this thick band of neural fibers.
What is the corpus callosum?
A test that predicts future performance, like the SAT, is this type of test.
What is an aptitude test?
The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called this.
What is absolute threshold?
Episodic and semantic memory are part of this broader type of long-term memory.
What is explicit (declarative) memory?
Tolman’s rats demonstrated this type of learning when they formed cognitive maps without reinforcement.
What is latent learning?
The division of the nervous system is responsible for initiating this “emergency” response.
The Flynn Effect describes the steady rise in these scores over generations.
What are IQ tests?
This Gestalt principle states that we group items that are close to one another.
What is proximity?
This phenomenon explains why people often recall the first and last items on a list better.
What is serial position effect?
Bandura’s Bobo doll study demonstrated this type of learning.
What is observational (social) learning?
Damage to this brain area can produce aphasia, where speech is fluent but lacks meaning (word salad).
What is Wernicke's area?
This variable is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.
What is the independent variable?
The theory that color vision is based on opposing retinal processes (red–green, blue–yellow) is known as this.
What is the opponent process theory?
H.M.’s hippocampus removal led to this condition where he could not form new explicit memories.
What i anterograde amnesia?
When an organism becomes unable to escape a negative situation due to prior failure, it demonstrates this concept.
What is learned helplessness?
These tiny gaps between neurons are where neurotransmitters are released and received, allowing communication without direct contact.
What is the synapse?
A relationship where two variables increase or decrease together is this type of correlation.
What is a positive correlation?