Chapter 1
The branch of linguistics concerned with the actual physical aspect of speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived by humans
Phonetics
Sound differences that can be used to differentiate meaning are ___ in a language
Phonemic
Allophones are in this type of distribution with each other
Complementary distribution
Phonotactics
Why don't alphabets have one-to-one correspondence with sounds?
An alphabet would end up having thousands of graphemes
All English sounds are made using this mechanism
_____ _____ airstream mechanism
Pulmonic egressive
Allophone with a broader distribution, thought of as the 'base shape' of a phoneme
Elsewhere allophone
A statement which indicates the connection between a certain type of environment and an allophone it conditions
Phonological rule
Why would it be expected that English learners have a hard time acquiring French nasal vowels?
Because nasal vowels in English are allophonic, not phonemic
What is a major source of foreign accent?
L1 transfer
What is the phonetic description of the following vowels?
[i]
[ɛ]
[ʊ]
high front tense unrounded vowel
mid front lax unrounded vowel
high back lax unrounded vowel
Nasalization
What happens in this phonological process?
Epenthesis
A segment is inserted (often a vowel)
In German, /h/ only occurs word initially and word medially, but not word finally.
defective distribution
How might an English speaker 'fix' the illegal sound in this French word?
pas [pa]
[pha]
The four main articulatory dimensions relevant for consonant classifications are:
Please put them in order for how you would provide a phonetic description of a consonant
1. Laryngeal state (voicing)
2. Place of articulation (POA)
3. Airflow: oral or nasal
4. Manner of articulation (MOA)
Phonological rules are usually determined through:
(3 things)
Data collection and analysis
Experimentation
Theory building
Which two types of relationships between sounds in languages are unpredictable?
overlapping distribution, free variation
Give me three arguments against classifying /ŋ/ and /h/ as allophones
1. speakers' intuitions
2. spelling
3. phonetic similarity (they are not similar)
Where are word-initial stop-fricative clusters limited to in English?
borrowings
Why is the English spelling system NOT a good representation of actual speech sounds? Provide 5 reasons
2. The same letter often stands for different sounds (sign, pleasure)
3. Single sounds are often spelled with more than one letter (lock)
4. Some single letters represent multiple sounds (exit)
5. Some letters aren't even pronounced at all (know)
Give a rule in prose and name that rule for the process you see happening below:
[kit] [kɪd]
[pæt] [pæ:]
[smɑck] [smɑ:g]
vowels in English are long before voiced consonants and short before voiceless consonants
vowel lengthening/shortening
Give the 24 consonant phonemes that are present in most varieties of English
/p, t, k, b, g, f, θ, ð, s, v, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, m, n, ŋ, ɹ, l, w, j, ʔ, h, ɾ/
Why is free variation not completely 'free'?
1. Allophonic variation is constrained by sociolinguistic factors
2. There are linguistic constraints on the application of optional rules
3. These constraints govern the probability of the application of optional rules
The variation in phonological doublets is ____, not systematic and not productive (it doesn't apply to other items with similar phonological structure)
idiosyncratic