Chapter 1
This is the concept of ADJUSTMENT.
The psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life.
This is the meaning of personality vs. personality traits.
Personality refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits,
vs.
A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
This refers to any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities.
Stress
Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
Learned helplessness
This results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.
Coronary heart disease
One’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.
Self-efficacy
This is the philosophy of your textbook.
This text is based on the premise that accurate knowledge about the principles of psychology can be of value to you in everyday life.
This text attempts to foster a critical attitude about psychological issues and to enhance your critical thinking skills.
This text should open doors.
This is an example of the paradox of progress.
Modern technology has provided us with countless time-saving devices (i.e., cars, dishwashers, PCs) and yet most people complain about not having enough time.
The range of life choices available to people in modern societies has increased exponentially in recent decades and yet an overabundance of choices has unexpected costs.
We live in an era of extraordinary affluence and yet most people do not feel very good about their financial well-being.
Some theorists suggest that the complexity of personality can be reduced to just these five basic traits.
OCEAN - extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The Big Five traits predict important life outcomes, such as grades, occupational attainment, divorce, health, and mortality.
This consists of chronic environmental conditions that, although not urgent, are negatively valued and place adaptive demands on people.
Ambient stress
Any behavior intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally.
Aggression
These are the 3 components of a TYPE A personality.
(1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility.
In contrast, the Type B personality is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.
A collection of beliefs about one’s own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
Self-Concept
This is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Operant Conditioning
This is an example of some peoples' search for direction.
Investing money to enroll in "self-realization" programs; self-help books; or scientific research
This is the role of conflict and anxiety in Freud's view of personality.
Freud assumed that behavior is the outcome of an ongoing series of internal conflicts. Battles among the id, ego, and superego are routine. Because the id wants to gratify its urges immediately, but the norms of civilized society frequently dictate otherwise.
Freud believed that conflicts centering on sexual and aggressive impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences.
The arousal of anxiety is a crucial event in Freud’s theory of personality functioning. Anxiety is distressing, so people try to rid themselves of this unpleasant emotion any way they can. This effort to ward off anxiety often involves the use of defense mechanisms.
This involves expectations or demands that one behaves in a certain way.
Pressure
Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
Defense Mechanisms
A persistent negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts, feelings of anger, and overtly aggressive actions.
A mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought self.
Self-discrepancy
Changing to adapt to a new culture
Acculturation
This is a common problem with self-help books.
Reading a book won't often change your life.
Most are filled with "psychobabble" - clarity is sacrificed for jargon.
An emphasis is placed on sales more than science.
They encourage a self-centered, narricistic approach to life.
They don''t often provide explicit directions about how to change your behavior.
This is an example of what defense mechanism:
An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self-esteem.
Identification (involves bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group)
These are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes.
Emotions
Unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems.
Catastrophic Thinking
Roughly 1 in 5 Americans do this, and approximately 16 million of them live with a chronic disease tied to the habit.
Smoking
Proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions.
This correlation coefficient means what?
r = .9
A strong, positive correlation
These are the two key facets of psychology.
1) The science that studies behavior and the physiological and mental processes that underlie it; 2) and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.
This is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Classical conditioning
This is a physiological reaction to a threat that mobilizes an organism...
Fight-or-flight response
The generation of as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation.
Brainstorming
This can impair driving, cause various types of accidents, and increase the likelihood of aggressive interactions or reckless sexual behavior. In the long term, chronic, excessive consumption increases one’s risk for numerous health problems, including cirrhosis of the liver, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and cancer.
Drinking
Involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs
Collectivism
(vs. Individualism involves put ting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.)
This is when one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.
Self-efficacy
What is meant by the Paradox of Progress?
The technological advances of the past century have not led to a perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. Many social critics argue that the quality of our lives and our sense of personal fulfillment have declined rather than increased.
This is a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
Self-concept
This is made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
This consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
Is influenced by genetic endowment, eating and exercise habits, and perhaps a set point or settling point.
Body weight
Refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person.
Self-esteem
This is one way a person may cope with self-discrepancies and issues with self-esteem
Changing their behavior
Bring your ideal self a bit more in line with your actual abilities
Heightened self-awareness
This is EMPIRICISM.
The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
This is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.
Heritability ratio
This is a model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Involves counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid an offender, thereby releasing this person from further liability for his or her transgression.
Forgiveness
Influenced by the severity, duration, and disruptiveness of one’s symptoms and by the reactions of friends and family.
Seeking treatment variations
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior.
Self-attributions
This model holds that physical health is influenced by a complex network of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Biopsychosocial model
Give the definition of an INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT variable.
An independent variable is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.
The dependent variable is the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable.
This is the common tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
Hindsight bias
This consists of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream.
The Endocrine System
A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way.
Meditation
Produce both types of dependence, are subject to overdoses, and elevate the user’s risk for accidental injuries.
Sedatives
Refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them.
Impression Management
This perspective on theories of human personality is considred the most optimistic.
Humanistic
These variables are, surprisingly, not strongly correlated to happiness.
Money, Age, Gender, Parenthood, Intelligence, and Attractiveness.
Individualism involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.
In contrast, collectivism involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs
The formation of new neurons
Neurogensis
The tendency to delay tackling tasks until the last minute.
Procrastination
A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
This is the most effective path to self-efficacy
Mastery Experiences
To avoid being overwhelmed with information, people tend to use this type of processing, but for important decisions, they shift to a controlled version.
Automatic processing
This a determinant of happiness.
Relationship satisfaction, work, and genetics and personality.
Happiness is subjective and everything is relative.
This refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
Validity
Refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.
Coping
Engaging in sound _________ techniques can reduce time-related stress.
Time-management
This absolves people from responsibility for their incapacity and can be used to exempt them from many of their normal duties and obligations
Sick role
This kind of person pays more attention to the impressions they make on others and tends to be more concerned about making favorable impressions than the "low" version of a similarly labeled type of person
High self-monitors
Sometimes normal people knowingly do things that are bad for them. These are called... what?
Self-defeating actions
-deliberate self-destruction, tradeoffs, and counterproductive strategies