The Enlightenment
This English philosopher is known for his work Two Treatises of Government, where he argued that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should protect these rights.
Who is John Locke?
This empire, centered in India, was established by Babur in the early 16th century and is known for its cultural achievements, including the Taj Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan.
What is the Mughal Empire?
The American Revolution was driven by the desire for independence from this European colonial power, which had imposed taxes and regulations on the American colonies.
What is Great Britain?
The French Revolution began in 1789 with this event, where French citizens stormed a prison and symbolically attacked royal authority.
What is the Storming of the Bastille
This Scottish philosopher wrote The Wealth of Nations and is known as the father of modern economics, advocating for free-market capitalism and the "invisible hand" of the market.
Who is Adam Smith?
This French philosopher and economist advocated for the rights of women and wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, challenging the social norms of gender roles and promoting gender equality.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
This land-based empire, which spanned much of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe, reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent and was known for its strong military and diverse cultures.
What is the Ottoman Empire?
This powerful idea, which emphasized loyalty to the nation-state rather than local monarchs or empires, played a key role in motivating the various movements for Italian unification in the 19th century.
What is nationalism?
This king of France, who ruled from 1774 to 1792, was executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, marking the end of the monarchy in France.
Who is Louis XVI?
This system, characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit, emerged in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution and became the dominant economic system in the modern world.
What is Capitalism?
This English political philosopher is best known for his work Leviathan, where he argued that without a strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This king of France, known for his long reign from 1643 to 1715, is remembered for centralizing power in the monarchy and making France the leading European power of his time.
Who is Louis XIV?
This 19th-century revolution in this country resulted in the independence of its colonies from Spanish rule, led by figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
What is the Latin American Revolutions (or the South American Revolutions)?
In 1791, this document was adopted by the National Assembly, asserting the fundamental rights of citizens and declaring the equality of all men under the law.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
According to Karl Marx, this term refers to the working class, who are exploited by the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) and will eventually rise up to overthrow them.
What is the proletariat?
This French Enlightenment thinker famously wrote Candide, critiquing religion, government, and societal injustices with wit and satire.
Who is Voltaire?
This term describes a form of government where a single ruler holds all political power, with no checks on their authority from other branches of government or the people.
What is an absolute monarchy?
The loss of Greece in 1830 marked one of the first significant territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire, and this event is often seen as the beginning of the empire's gradual decline, culminating in its eventual collapse after World War I.
What is the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
The National Assembly swore this oath in 1789, vowing not to disband until they had created a new constitution for France, marking a turning point in the revolution.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This economic model, associated with figures like Adam Smith, emphasizes minimal government intervention in the economy and the idea that markets operate most efficiently when left to their own devices.
What is Laissez-faire Capitalism?
This French philosopher wrote The Social Contract, arguing that people must come together to form a general will and that legitimate political authority comes from the consent of the governed.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This Japanese shogun, who founded the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603, successfully united Japan after the tumultuous Sengoku period and established a long-lasting feudal system.
Who is Tokugawa Ieyasu?
This former enslaved Haitian leader became the general of the Haitian Revolution and led the fight for independence from France, ultimately establishing the first independent black republic in 1804.
Who is Toussaint L'Ouverture?
This period, lasting from 1793 to 1794, was marked by extreme violence, during which thousands were executed by guillotine in an effort to purge France of perceived enemies of the revolution.
What is the Reign of Terror?
This is the name of the political and economic system in which all property is owned by the community as a whole, and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
What is socialism?