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Evolution of Populations
Origins of Species
Viruses
Bacteria/Archaea
Gut Ecology
100

difference between micro- and macroevolution?

What is.. microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species over long periods of time.

100

A process that occurs when a species becomes seperated by a geographic barrier, preventing gene flow

What is Allopatric Speciation?

100

Which statement is true?

  1. A virion contains DNA and RNA.
  2. Viruses are acellular.
  3. Viruses replicate outside of the cell.
  4. Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.

What is (B) viruses are acellular

100

first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere...

what is cyanobacteria

100

What can disrupt the balance of the human microbiome?

Overuse of antibiotics

200

Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  1. a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy)
  2. a population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time
  3. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
  4. a population undergoing natural selection

What is (D) a population undergoing natural selection

200

What is..

a) mechanism that blocks reproduction from taking place (prevent fertilization)

b) organisms that dont survive the embryonic stage or born sterile

what is prezygotic barrier and postzygotic barrier

200

Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase?

  1. It is a nucleic acid.
  2. It infects cells.
  3. It transcribes RNA to make DNA.
  4. It is a lipid.

What is (C) it transcribes RNA to make DNA

200

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell _______

wall

200

Which group of microorganisms is most predominant in our gut?

Bacteria

300

When males and females of a population look or act differently, it is reffered to as...

what is sexual dimorphism

300

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

  1. when individuals of the same species in different geographical areas reproduce
  2. when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce
  3. when members of closely related species reproduce
  4. when offspring of the same parents reproduce

What is (C) when members of closely related species reproduce

300

Which of the following is not associated with prions?

  1. Replicating shapes
  2. Mad cow disease
  3. DNA
  4. Toxic proteins

What is (C) DNA

300

Name the 3 categories of prokaryotes and their corresponsing shape

cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilli (spiral-shaped)

300

What are the foods that naturally contain microbiota, or supplement pills that contain live active bacteria?

Probiotic

400

the Hardy-Weinberg Principles of Equilibrium were..

-infintely large population

-no mutations, migration, emigration, selective pressue

-genotype frequencies are kept relatively stable

400

This type of evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

What is convergent evolution?

400

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An apple grower notices that several of his apple trees with fungi growing on their trunks have developed necrotic ring spots, while other trees in the orchard that lack fungi appear healthy. What is the most likely conclusion the farmer can make about the virus infecting his apple trees?

  1. The apple trees were infected by horizontal transmission.
  2. The fungi carry disease.
  3. The fungi attract disease-carrying insects.
  4. The apple trees were infected by vertical transmission.

What is (a) the apple trees were infected by horizontal transmission.

400

Ammonification is the process by which _____

Ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

400

What limits the growth of some harmful bacteria like Clostridium difficile?

Lower pH

500

Name the type of selection in each example..

a) Robins typically lay 4 eggs, too many result in malnoursihed chicks, smaller clutches may result in no viable offspring

b)gray and white rabbits are beter able to blend with their enviorment than the current white rabbits

c)as the Industrial Rev. progessed, color of the moth population shifted from light to dark

wat is..

a) stabilizing selection

b) diversifying selection

c) direction selection

500

This term describes structures in different species that have the same evolutionary origin but may have different functions, such as a human arm and a bat wing.

What are homologous structures?

500

Describe lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

Lytic cycle: phage infects cell, the phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are mage. New phage particles are made... the cell lyses and releases more phages

Lysogenic: phage infects cell, phage DNA is incorparated into host genome, cell divides along with phage DNA. Phage DNA can be excised from bacterial chromosome and enters lytic cycle.

500

Name and describe the three different mechanisms used by bacteria to replicate

Transformation: prokaryote takes in DNA shed by other prokaryotes into its environment.

Transduction: bacteriophages may move short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another (injects the DNA to the cell)

Conjugation: DNA is transferred from one prokaryote to another by means of a pilus

500

What affects the type and amount of microbiota in the intestines?

dietary fiber