Chapter 2
A descriptive study in which one person (or one group) is studied in depth in the hope of revealing general principles is called a(n) _____ study.
Which model proposes that illness results from the interaction between a person’s psychological and physiological vulnerabilities and the stressors they experience?
diathesis-stress
Crystal uses _____ coping methods; that is, she confronts her stressors head-on and takes direct action.
approach
Which theory contends that when altering their health-related behaviors, people pass through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance?
transtheoretical model
This psychologist has been referred to as Dr. Happiness.
Edward Diener
A study comparing two groups that differ naturally on a specific variable of interest is called a:
quasi-experiment
The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ into the bloodstream.
eoinephrine and cortisol
_____ coping strategies are more often linked with better health outcomes when used for school- or work-related stressors.
problem-focused
What is the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act of 2014?
a requirement for most Americans to have insurance or pay a tax penalty
Meaning in life refers to:
the sense that one's life matters, makes sense, and has purpose
A form of faulty reasoning in which our expectations prevent us from seeing alternative explanations for our observations is called:
confirmation bias
Allostatic load refers to:
the cumulative long-term effects of the body’s physiological response.
Karen is working through the stress of losing her job by seeking out others who have been through the same experience and thus can relate. She is using:
emotional-approach coping
Parveen has an argument over breakfast with one of her children because she is still fuming over a coworker’s criticism of her project proposal the day before. Parveen's behavior is an example of:
Demonic reappraisal is a type of religious and spiritual coping in which someone:
redefines the stressor as a act of the devil.
Which type of epidemiological study played an important role in initially identifying the risk factors that led to AIDS?
Retrospective
Josh is a participant in a study in which prompts from his smartphone require him to report on his mood, social interactions, and other variables throughout the day. Evidently, the study he is participating in is making use of the procedure called:
ecological momentary assessment
_____ refers to the belief that one can determine one’s own internal states and behavior, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes.
psychological control
Loss-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting _____ behaviors, whereas gain-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting _____ behaviors.
detection; prevention
According to the original theory of religious and spiritual coping, those who you used this type of religious and spiritual coping have decreased personal control, lower self-esteem, and weaker problem-solving skills.
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) study is an example of a(n) _____ study.
Scarcity and enhancement are two competing hypotheses regarding women and:
role overload
Optimism can diminish stress-related elevations in hypertension, inflammation, and immunosuppression by:
shortening the duration of negative emotional arousal.
According to the precede/proceed model, planning for health education begins by:
identifying specific health problems in a targeted group
Overall, the literature regarding the association of religioun/spirituality and cardiovascular has shown ____ findings.
Mixed