Midterm Review

Spine & Posture

100

When both sides contract, the rotatores produce which spinal motion?

Extension of trunk

200

The multifidi typically cross how many vertebral segments?

2-4

300

Which muscle group connects cervical to lumbar transverse processes?

intertransversarii

400

When the diaphragm contracts, what happens to thoracic cavity volume?

With contraction of the diaphragm, volume within the thoracic cavity is increased

500

What is the insertion of the oblique capitis inferior?

C1 TP

Pelvis and Hip

100

The pelvic girdle is formed by three bones. Name these bones.

• Ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis

200

The iliacus inserts at which bony landmark?

lesser trochanter

300

Which muscle provides the greatest power during sit-to-stand?

• Sit-to-stand requires powerful hip extension and some knee extension.

• Gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension, especially from a flexed position (like sitting).

• Quadriceps (especially rectus femoris) also help with knee extension, but the main force to rise from the chair comes from glute max.

400

Which bony landmark is the origin of the superior gemellus?

ischial spine

500

Posterior pelvic tilt shortens which muscle group? Which muscles are lengthened?

• Hip extensors (hamstrings) and trunk flexors (abdominals) become shortened.

• Shortened muscle groups are:

  • Hamstrings (e.g., biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

  • Abdominals (e.g., rectus abdominis, obliques)

• Hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris) and spinal extensors (erector spinae) are lengthened.

Knee

100

When the knee bends, the patella glides in which direction?

patella glides inferiorly/distally

200

To fully extend the knee, what motion does the tibia perform relative to the femur?

Tibia externally rotates relative to the femur.

300

In a typical adult, what is the angle of inclination of the head and neck of the femur? What is the functional purpose of this angle?

Normally ~125° in adults

This angulation helps position the knees under the body for efficient weight-bearing

400

Name the location of the pes anserine.

Medial proximal tibia

500

Which repetitive movement places the most stress on the quadriceps tendon?

Knee extension

Ankle and Foot

100

The adductor hallucis primarily performs which action?

MTP 1 Adduction

200

Fibularis brevis inserts on which bone?

metatarsal 5

300

What are the actions of the lumbricals of the foot?

MTP 2-5 flex, IP 2-5 ext

400

Where does the tibialis anterior insert?

Metatarsal 1

500

Which pair of motions are the primary actions at the subtalar joint?

ankle inversion and eversion

Nerves and Innervations

100

Which nerve powers the gluteus maximus for hip extension?

inferior gluteal nerve

200

What functional deficits result from deep fibular nerve injury?

Foot drop resulting in loss of sensation and limitations with balance

300

Flexor digitorum longus is innervated by what nerve?

Tibial nerve

400

What spinal segments innervate the piriformis?

S1-S2

500

What spinal segments innervate the obturator internus?

L5-S1