Imperialism
What economic need most directly pushed industrial nations to expand overseas?
Demand for raw materials and new consumers
Which urban change best shows industrialization’s impact?
Growth of overcrowded factory cities
Why is the Haitian Revolution unique?
It successfully ended slavery through uprising
“Freedom” in Latin American revolutions meant what?
Political independence from Europe
What did indirect rule allow imperial powers to do?
Control political decisions while preserving local culture
Why did nationalism increase competition among European nations?
National pride became linked to territorial expansion
Why did child labor become common?
Factories wanted cheap, controllable workers
Which forced labor system required Indigenous men to work in dangerous silver mines?
The Mita system
According to John Locke, where does government power come from?
The people they govern
What was a major result of direct rule?
Replacement of traditional leadership structures
Why were Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden powerful justifications?
They framed conquest as both scientific and moral
Which working condition most caused labor unrest?
Long hours in hazardous environments
What system legally defined enslaved people as property that could be bought, sold, and inherited?
Chattel slavery
Why did monarchs see Enlightenment ideas as dangerous?
They questioned inherited authority
What was the main goal of colonial assimilation policies?
Cultural transformation and control
Why do industrialization and imperialism expand together?
Factories required new resources and markets
Why did labor unions become powerful?
Collective action increased bargaining power
What key feature made chattel slavery uniquely brutal compared to other labor systems?
Humans were legally treated as inheritable property
What idea most directly rejected divine right?
Consent of the governed
Which labor system forced Indigenous people to work under Spanish rule in exchange for “protection”?
Encomienda system
How did governments combine political power with economic motives in their imperial actions?
They used military force to defend businesses operating overseas.
Which reform best shows rejection of laissez-faire economics?
Child labor laws
What was the importance of the Cry of Dolores?
It launched mass resistance against Spanish rule
Which ideas directly link the Enlightenment to revolutions?
Natural rights & social contract
Why was the Atlantic slave trade essential to European imperial wealth?
It powered plantation economies exporting cash crops