Unit 1
Characteristics of life & cell basics
Characteristics of life & cell basics
What are the eight characteristics of life?
Organization, Homeostasis, Growth & development, Respond to stimuli, Metabolism, Reproduction, Genetic material, and Evolve
What are the four macromolecules and the elements that comprise them?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
They are made of C, H, O, N, & P
Why do cells have to remain small in size?
To be able to effectively transport materials in and out of the cell.
What organelles are responsible for providing food and energy to cells?
Chloroplast (phototrophs) and the mitochondria (all)
What is the molecule responsible for carrying genes?
Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
Describe 2 aspects of a typical prokaryotic cell.
Small and simple
Lack a nucleus and membrane bund organelles
Circular DNA located in the nuceolus
What do we call the linking of monomers into polymers.
Dehydration synthesis water is removed allowing the monomers to bond.
What does cholesterol do to cell membranes?
Cholesterol reduces the fluidity of the memebrane.
Write out the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy
The equations mirror each other with the same molecules on opposing sides
Which phase of the cell cycle are sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles?
Anaphase
Name one piece of evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloropolast have their own DNA
Mitochondria and chloroplast reproduce similarly to bacteria
Mitochondria and the Chloroplasts have a double membrane
Triglycerides are polymers of what macromolecule that function in what?
Lipids; Long-term energy storage, insulation, and protection
What is organelle is membrane-bound and contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosome
What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration and where do they occur?
1. Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
3. Electron Transport Chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Describe the first step in DNA sysnthesis (be sure to name the enzyme)
The enzyme helicase unzips the DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.
What characteristic of life can you observe simply by looking at a diagram of a dog.
It is organized
List the elements, monomers, polymers, functions, and examples for carbohydrates
C, H, O
Monosaccharides -> Polysaccharides
Quick energy, cell ID, & cellulose in walls
Ex: Bread, Pasta, Glucose, Fructose, Potato starch
A solution that has a greater concentration of salt than the cell placed in it is called _______ and water will move _______ the cell.
hypertonic Water will move out of the cell
Which type of organisms use photosynthesis?
autotrophs
Which step of protein sysnthesis involves a ribosome reading codons and adding the correct amino acid provided by tRNA.
Translation
Cells in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have these 4 features in common
Cell membrane
Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Name 2 functions of polypeptides?
Immune response such as antibodies, repair, enzymes, and cell transport
Draw and label the fluid mosaic model. You should include 5 labels.
The cell membrane is composed mainly of phopholipids made up of a hydrophilic polar head and a hydrophobic non-polar tail arranged in a bilayer. There are several embeded proteins used for transport. Cholesterol maintains proper fluidity and carbrohydrates aid in cell labeling and identification.
Contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain their glucose.
Autotrophs synthesize glucose using light or chemical energy from inorganic sources, while heterotrophs obtain glucose by consuming other organisms or organic materials.
What are the three types of mutations?
Substitution, Insertion, and deletion.