Greece
Greek infantrymen who fought with a long spear and shield
hoplites
the core institution of the Roman Republic
the Senate
Transporation innovation by the Song Dynasty
Built an 11,000-mile canal system linking Beijing to Hangzhou
Founder of Islam
Muhammad
Religions influenced by Judaism
Christianity and Islam
Polis
A community of relatives where citizens descended from a common ancestor
Julius Caesar
Roman military general, elected consul and declared dictator for life
Achievements:
• Passed major reforms:
• Land grants to veterans
• Debt relief for citizens
• Reorganized calendar (Julian calendar)
The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui Dynasty
Linked northern and southern China, strengthening political unification and economic integration
Jizya
tax on Christians and Jewish people living in Islamic empires
Persian ruler who brought the empire to the greatest extent from the Mediterranean, Egypt and the fringes of the Indian border
Greek philosopher known for his question and answer method and was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens
Socrates
Pax Romana was characterized as
peace, stability and prosperity, population of 60 million, safe routes that connected the empire
Koguryo, Silla, Paecheke
Reasons for the Sunni/Shia split in Islam
A conflict over who was the rightful leader after Muhammad's death - whether to follow a family member or a pious leader
Religion originating from the Jewish teacher Jesus and became the most dominant power in Western Europe after the fall of western Rome with some influence in North Africa and Ethiopia.
Christianity
Spread of Greek language, art, architecture, and philosophy throughout his empire
This resulted in syncretism: blending of Mesopotamian, Persian, Egyptian, Anatolian, and Indian beliefs into Greek culture
Western tradition rooted in Mediterranean, Persian, and Indian connections, not just Greco-Roman heritage
building programs, infrastructure with aqueducts, baths and arenas, fair taxation, strengthened borders, reorganization of government and civil service
The technological sophistication demonstrated by the Harappan at Mohenjo Daro was
Their advanced drainage and sewer systems surpassing many 18th‑century European cities
the earliest iron workers in West Africa located in present day Nigeria
The light handed approach of the Acheamenid rule in Persia
Conquered regions retained local kings and
customs
Loyalty, taxes, and peace were key expectations
The lasting legacy of Classical and Hellenistic Greece
architecture, art, democracy, mathematics, scientific principles, philosophy
the lasting legacies of Rome
representative government - the republic, law - protection of property, engineering, bridges, Roman roads, the Latin language
the Caste system
rigid social hierarchy in India under Hinduism based on birth and occupation, strict rules for behavior and staying in one's caste and follow behavior for upholding dharma to maintain cosmic and social order. One's behavior influences one's future karma
St. Augustine
Latin-speaking North African bishop & theologian
Most influential thinker in the Western Christian
tradition
Wrote essays, sermons, and letters
Deeply shaped Christian theology and influenced
Protestant reformers centuries later
Rabbi as religious teacher
• Synagogue as center of worship and learning
• Focus on ethical living, study, and observance
of holidays
• Less emphasis on sacrifice; more on teaching
and community