Epistomology
This philosopher used methodical doubt to question everything he could possibly doubt.
Who is Descartes?
According to Aristotle, this is the ultimate goal of human life.
What is eudaimonia (happiness/flourishing)
"The unexamined life is not worth living."
Who is Socrates/Plato?
The study of knowledge, its nature, and limitations.
What is epistemology?
Plato's allegory about prisoners who mistake shadows for reality.
What is the Cave?
According to Plato, knowledge is justified true ___
What is belief?
Kant's ethical theory that judges actions based on duty and universal principles.
What is deontology?
"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law."
Who is Kant?
Kant's term for a moral obligation that applies universally.
What is a categorical imperative?
Descartes imagined this entity that might be deceiving him about everything.
What is the evil demon?
This philosopher argued that our knowledge comes from experience rather than reason alone.
Who is Hume?
In Singer's "Famine, Affluence, and Morality," he argues we have this type of duty to help those in extreme poverty.
What is a moral obligation?
"Custom, then, is the great guide of human life."
Who is Hume?
The philosophical view that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.
What is empiricism
Singer asks if you would save a drowning child at the cost of ruining your clothes to make a point about this.
What is moral obligation to distant others/global poverty?
This type of injustice occurs when someone is wronged specifically in their capacity as a knower.
What is epistemic injustice?
According to Held, traditional ethical theories often overlook this important aspect of human experience.
What are relationships/care/interdependence?
"If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it."
Who is Singer?
The philosophical position that innate ideas exist in the mind prior to experience.
What is rationalism
Aristotle might ask you to consider whether a person who performs virtuous acts but doesn't enjoy them is truly this.
What is virtuous?
In Plato's cave allegory, what does the sun represent?
What is truth/the Form of the Good?
Aristotle believes virtue is found in this "middle ground" between excess and deficiency.
What is the "golden mean"?
"I think, therefore I am."
Who is Descartes?
Aristotle's concept of practical wisdom or knowing how to make good decisions.
What is phronesis?
This thought experiment by Kant asks you to consider whether you would be willing to make a false promise to someone in need, even if it seemed helpful in the moment, and what would happen if everyone did this.
What is the "False Promise" thought experiment?