Abdominal Radiography 3: Urinary Tract
List a reason for increased kidney size with smooth margins?
with irregular margins?
unilateral: hydronephrosis, neoplasia, bilateral-acute nephritis, FIP, neoplasia
irregular-bilateral: lymphoma, FIP, polycystic dx
This is a common presentation for animals with splenic dx
hemoabdomen
List the three companion small animal mammals that are hindgut fermenters
rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchilla
This species should not have bilirubin in the urine
cats! big no no. indicate possible liver dx
In congenital PSS- will the bilirubin be high?
was is seen on UA?
no it should be normal.
ammonium biurate crystals
it is where intravenous contrast is injected to evaluate the ureter with contrast
What are the components of stabilizing a pt with a hemoabdomen?
-transfusion (whole blood is ideal for hemorrhagic shock)
-monitor for ventricular arrhythmias (lidocaine)
-full diagnostic work up after stabilize: bloodwork, coag times, abdominal imaging, fna of lesions, thoracic lesions., +/- echo
What type of teeth do are hind gut fermenters have and what happens in they don't get hay?
elodont, they get overgrowth and malocclusion
-elodont are incisors, premolars, molars
Three liver enzymes
and this ones level of rise parallels degree of injury
ALT, ALP, GGT
ALT
steroid hepatopathy
4 phases of excretory urography?
vascular, nephrogram, pyelogram, urethral phase
Ligating of the splenic vessels proximal to the branches that go to ___ risks necrotizing__
the pancreases, pancreatitis
This hindgut fermenter has a stomach that doesn't empty, ph <1, and is palpable in L craniolateral abdomen just caudal to costal arch
rabbit
These are two functional tests for the liver, but we only use this one usually so we don't accidently kill our pts.
Bile acids, ammonia tolerance test. Bile acids
In this chronic hepatitis a clinical sign can be increased sedation. Cirrhosis will be seen.
anticonvulsant-induced chronic hepatitis
These two bladder stones can be seen on rads
struvite and calcium oxalate
Two approaches of splenectomy
hilar dissection and individual ligation/sealing of each hilar vessels
-ligation of the splenic a. and v upstream of the hilar branches plus short gastric/gastroepiploic
this hind fermenter cecum population has Bacteroides, protozoa and yeast, this one has lactobacillus, protozoa, and yeast
Liver biopsy is required for? but only use for?
to establish diagnosis except for PSS. to know if acute or chronic. do not use if think might be secondary, if extra-hepatic cause not going to find answer on biopsy.
in chronic progressive inflammatory hepatitis when is are pseduofunctions decreased, when is billirubin increased?
cirrhosis, chronic stage
emphysematous cystitis is what and associated with?
gas within the bladder wall. with DM or UTI. e.coli most common isolate
splenic torsion is associated with?
seen in this signalment more commonly
GDV
large and giant breed dogs
What is the purpose of a cecotroph?
cecotroph is soft night feces that is reingested for B vitamins and protein
Urosdoxycholic acid is use to tx?
chealting agents?
silymarin, SAMe, vit. E, C
1) cholestasis
2) cu accumulation,
3) inflammation
Why is a liver biopsy required for CH diagnosis?
to ascess inflammation/necrosis, differenitate from other chronic dx, acess reversibility (cirrhosis vs fibrosis), access secondary cholestasis, assess Cu accumulation