Genetics, Prenatal, and Perinatal Health
This is the basic unit of heredity passed from parents to children
What is a gene?
This pattern of development describes growth from the head downward.
What is cephalocaudal development?
This is the emotional bond formed between an infant and caregiver.
What is attachment?
During this stage, growth slows compared to infancy but coordination improves.
What is early childhood?
This stage of Erik Erikson involves children taking initiative and exploring roles.
What is initiative vs. guilt?
This term refers to the observable traits of an individual, such as eye color or height.
What is phenotype?
This motor skill involves using large muscle groups, such as walking or jumping.
What are gross motor skills?
In this attachment style, the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base and is easily comforted.
What is secure attachment?
These motor skills involve small movements, such as drawing or using scissors.
What are fine motor skills?
This parenting style is characterized by warmth and structure and is linked to the best developmental outcomes.
What is authoritative parenting?
This stage of prenatal development (2–8 weeks) is when major organs begin to form and risk is highest.
What is the embryonic stage?
This cognitive milestone is when infants understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
What is object permanence?
This stage of Erik Erikson focuses on developing independence in toddlers.
What is autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
This stage, identified by Jean Piaget, includes symbolic thinking and imagination.
What is the preoperational stage?
This type of play involves children working together toward shared goals.
What is cooperative play?
These harmful environmental agents, such as alcohol or drugs, can negatively impact fetal development.
What are teratogens?
According to Jean Piaget, infants are in this stage where they learn through senses and actions.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This refers to biologically based differences in emotional reactivity, such as being easy or difficult.
What is temperament?
This term describes a child’s difficulty seeing the world from another person’s perspective.
What is egocentrism?
This type of aggression involves harming relationships, such as excluding others.
What is relational aggression?
This concept explains how genetic predispositions and environmental experiences influence each other in development.
What is gene-environment interaction?
This term refers to the inability to remember events from early childhood.
What is infantile amnesia?
This concept describes how well a child’s temperament matches their environment and caregiving style.
What is goodness of fit?
This concept from Lev Vygotsky refers to tasks a child can complete with guidance but not alone.
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
These behaviors, such as sharing and helping, are intended to benefit others.
What are prosocial behaviors?