Imperialism
Suez Canal
Shortened Trade Routes
German Confederation
38 independent German states
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Old Regime of France
Led by Louis the XIV and then Louis the XVI and it was and it was an absolute monarchy
Louix XIV
great absolute monarch during France's golden age
Rudyard Kipling
British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism
Rise of Nationalism
Resulted from the Age of Resolutions
Factory System
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building
Estate General
the French parliment/ composed of the representatives from the three estates of french society/ troubled with voting--1st and 2nd estates could outvote 3rd
Absolute Monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Italian Unification (1861)
Causes
1. Napoleon's armies caused growing nationalism among Italians.
2. Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia had become liberal and constitutional during the Revolutions of 1848.
3. Austria was driven out of northern Italy.
4. Garibaldi conquered the Bourbon ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and Sardinian troops conquered the Papal States.
Effects
1. Italy became a fascist dictatorship under Mussolini during WWII.
Agrian Revolution
Rights wanted by farmers for their land and crops; the main populist movement for the 19th century
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
The white mans burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi
They create Italy as a unified country (unification) in 1861. Heart / Brains / Sword
law of supply and demand
the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance
Committee of Public Safety
Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.
English Civil War
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
Scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
Unification of Germany
started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Queen Elizabeth I
1533-1603 (ruled 1558-death)
*Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England)
*Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne
*Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada
*Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business