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_____ give you the ability to permanently change the hair’s natural wave and curl pattern, thereby offering clients a variety of styling options that would not otherwise be possible.
What is chemical texture services
The term pH is an abbreviation used for potential _____, and the symbol pH represents the quantity of _____ ions in solution.
What is hydrogen; hydrogen
What are the basic building blocks of hair that affect ho chemical solutions react?
What is amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, keratin proteins, and side bonds.
What chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfur-type chains are joined together?
What is disulfide bonds
In permanent waving, the shape of the type of cure are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ___.
What is wrapping method.
Without a thorough understanding of _____, cosmetologists could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves.
What is chemistry
The _____ measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains.
What is pH scale
Which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur?
What is amino acids
Which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges, and are easily broken by changes in pH?
What is salt bonds
Once in the cortex, the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called _____.
What is reduction
What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?
What is the cuticle
The range of numbers used in the pH scale is _____.
What is 0 to 14
Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain?
What is peptide bond
Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is _____.
What is dried
In permanent waving the reduction reaction is due to the addition of ______.
What is hydrogen
Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair?
What is the cortex
Chemical hair texturizers temporarily raise the pH of the hair to an alkaline state in order to _____.
What is soften and swell the shaft
What are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end-to-end like beads?
What is keratin proteins
_____ is a two-step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer.
What is permanent waving
What is thioglycolic acids
Which layer of hair is the innermost layer of the hair, and often called the pith or core of the hair?
What is the medulla
In the restructuring process coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is______.
What is highly alkaline
The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair. These bonds are _____.
What are disulfide, salt, and hydrogen
What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?
What is the size of the rod.
The ____ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent, or thio.
What is strength