Trans-Atlantic Africans
What is the term for Blacks who spent most of their lives in the Iberian peninsula and were familiar with Iberian culture? (BONUS) Name the three sovereign nations in modern-day Iberia.
ladinos; Spain, Portugal, Andorra
What was the primary economic precursor to the mass forced migration of enslaved people from the upper South into the Lower (or Deep) South? (BONUS) Name the three modern-day Deep South states that are part of old Spanish "La Florida."
The profitability of cotton; the cotton gin. Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia
What is a method of violent resistance against the slave system?
Describe some of the features of 18th century slave codes.
racialized slavery (children also enslaved); supervision; no guns; etc.
Roughly how many Africans were transported through the trans-Atlantic slave trade? (BONUS) What percentage died along the way?
More than 12.5 million. (BONUS) 15-20%
Who were the "Atlantic Creoles"?
These pre-chattelization Africans acted as intermediaries between natives and Europeans in the New World.
What economic activity were enslaved laborers engaged in besides field work?
other unskilled sectors (e.g. mining); trades (e.g. music; painting; carpentry; engineering; translation); domestic labor
Describe some of the non-violent ways enslaved laborers resisted their enslavement.
working slow; feigning ignorance; feigning obedience; maintaining family structures; running away
Slavery was included in the ratified US Constitution. Name two ways in which it is addressed.
3/5ths compromise; fugitive slave clause; Congress can levy duties on the slave trade
What percentage of captive Africans transported through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade practiced an Abrahamic religion (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) before their capture?
Roughly 50% (25% Christian; 25% Islam).
What is a concrete example of some of the cultural knowledge preserved by Africans despite the conditions of the trans-Atlantic slave trad?
specialized knowledge: basket weaving; cultivation of certain crops; foodways; religious practice; languages (e.g. Gullah)
How did the economic effects of the slave trade undermine the stability of African kingdoms?
depleted workforce; economically dependant on European demand; encouraged warring between neighboring states
What is the name of the most famous slave ship uprising? (BONUS) What made it so significant?
The Amistad uprising. Adjudicated before the Supreme Court. Inspired abolitionist efforts.
What portion of the United States Constitution uses the term "slavery" for the first time?
The XIIIth amendment.
48% of Africans transported to the United States landed in one particular port city. Name the port. (BONUS) What percentage of the total Atlantic Slave trade came to the US (or colonies that would become the US)?
Charleston, South Carolina. (5%)
Name the top-five enslaving nations in the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands
Describe the difference between the "gang system" and "task system" of enslaved labor. (BONUS) Which crops were dominated by which system of labor?
Gang system: direct supervision of an overseer; lots working together; often singing to organize labor
Quota system: more autonomous (still brutal) based on meeting an individual required production quota
BONUS: gang--> cotton, tobacco. task-->rice, indigo
Provide a concrete example of how early Black authors used literature to resist the slave system
Slave narratives (Frederick Douglass, etc.); poetry (Phillis Wheatly)
The Dred Scott decision confirmed the racial divide in the US. What (roughly) was the argument the chief justice gave for this?
property does not have rights; the Founders understood "the people" and "citizens" to be the same; the Founders were familiar with slavery and did not consider Blacks to be citizens
How many people underwent the forced migration from the upper South to the Deep south?
roughly one million
Name the first known Muslim in the Americas, and where was he born.
Estevanico; born in Morocco
Name some of the ways the Northern economy was entwined with the slave-labor economy in the South.
cotton-->textiles in northern mills; Northern banks providing loans for slave purchases; insurance / stock in slave voyages / plantations
What are some ways Europeans slavers were forced to adapt their ships to defend against resistance by their captives?
Barricados to defend the crew; netting to prevent suicides.
The 1740 South Carolina slave codes were passed in response to the largest slave revolt in American history. Name the revolt.
The Stono Rebellion
Which regions of western Africa were the origin point of nearly half (23% each) of enslaved African captives?
Senegambia and Angola