Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis

100

The result of mitosis and cytokinesis is __?__(2,4) __?__(identical, different) daughter cells. In humans, the daughter cells contain __?__(23,46) chromosomes.

2, identical, 46

200

During _?_ , replicated chromosomes condense; centrioles move to opposite poles and the nuclear envelope dissolves

Prophase

300

During _?_, daughter nuclei form at each end of the cell

telophase

400

During _?_, chromosomes line up at the center of the mitotic spindle

metaphase

Mitosis Miscellaneous

100

Name the region in the middle of a chromosome that holds the 2 identical halves together. What are the 2 identical halves called?

centromere; sister chromatids

200

_?_ factor stimulate cell division; _?_ is programmed cell death; _?_ is a term which means that cancer has moved from its original site

growth; apoptosis; metastasis

300

A mass of cancer cells is called a(n) _?_ tumor; three options for treatment are:

malignant; radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

400

During _?_ attachment between sister chromatids breaks and they move toward opposite poles

Anaphase

500

_?_ are proteins that are made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle; along with kinases, these substances regulate the cell cycle.

Cyclins

Meiosis

100

During _?_, pairs of homologous chromosomes can exchange DNA; this is called _?_

Prophase I; crossing over

200

During the process of _?_, females produce 1 egg and 2 small polar bodies; during the process of _?_, males produce 4 sperm

oogenesis; spermatogenesis

300

During _?_ chromosomes line up in the center of each of the two haploid cells; while during _?_ each haploid cells completes division producing a total of four haploid daughter cells

Metaphase II; Telophase II

400

During _?_ nuclear envelopes in each haploid daughter cell disintegrate, spindle fibers form and centrioles migrate to opposite poles.

Prophase II

500

A photo of an organism's homologous chromosomes is called a(n) _?_; explain how this photo can be used to detect genetic orders

karyotype; when homologous chromosomes are lined up, abnormalities (disorders) can be detected

More Meiosis

100

Human gametes have _?_ chromosomes. Gametes are _?_ (haploid/diploid) which allows a constant number of chromosomes to be maintained after fertilization.

23; haploid.

200

At fertilization, a human embryo receives __ (22, 44) autosomes from the father and __ (22, 44) autosomes from the mother. In addition, the __?__ contributes an X or a Y will the _?_ contributes on an X.

22, 22, father; mother

300

The process of __?__ produces haploid gametes. At fertilization, the nuclei of the gametes fuse to form _?_ (1,2) nuclei.

meiosis; one

400

During this phase, homologous chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers form while during _?_, 2 haploid daughter cells are produced

Prophase I, Telophase I

500

During _?_ homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are lined up at the center of the cell while during _?_, homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell

Metaphase I, Anaphase I

Miscellaneous

100

Mitosis consists of 4 phases. List them. Draw a star next to the phase during which chromosomes are pulled apart. Draw a square next to the phase during which the nuclear envelope disintegrates and chromatin turns into chromosomes. Draw a circle next to the phase during which chromosomes line up on the equator. Draw a triangle next to the phase during which chromosomes relax and the nuclear envelope reforms.

*square* - prophase; *circle* - metaphase; *star* - anaphase; *triangle* - telophase

200

Interphase consists of 3 parts. Name the parts and describe what happens in each part.

G1 - Gap 1 = main growth phase of a cell, cell is carrying out normal functions; S phase - Synthesis phase, DNA is copies; G2 - Gap 2 = cell gets ready for mitosis (cell division)

300

__?__ is uncontrolled cell growth. Substances that produce or promote this condition are called _?_. Types of this disease that affect muscle or bone are called _?_; if skin and lungs are affected it is called _?_

Cancer; carcinogens; sarcoma; carcinoma

400

The ratio of __?__ to __?__ limits the maximum size of a cell. When this ratio changes from 6:1 to 2:1, it is time for the cell to divide. The process during which the nucleus and its contents divide is called __?__. The process during which the cytoplasm divides is called __?_.

cell surface area to volume; mitosis; cytokinesis

500

Name three reasons cells divide:

1. Repair; 2. Growth; 3. Reproduction